Turbulent physics: Zero Equation Turbulence Model

Introduction

This tutorial walks you through the process of adding a algebraic (zero equation) turbulence model to the Modulus simulations. In this tutorial you will learn the following:

1. How to use the Zero equation turbulence model in Modulus.

2. How to create nodes in the graph for arbitrary variables.

Note

This tutorial assumes that you have completed the Introductory Example tutorial on Lid Driven Cavity Flow and have familiarized yourself with the basics of the Modulus APIs.

Problem Description

In this tutorial you will add the zero equation turbulence for a Lid Driven Cavity flow. The problem setup is very similar to the one found in the Introductory Example. The Reynolds number is increased to 1000. The velocity profile is kept the same as before. To increase the Reynolds Number, the viscosity is reduced to 1 × 10−4 $$m^2/s$$.

Case Setup

The case set up in this tutorial is very similar to the example in Introductory Example. It only describes the additions that are made to the previous code.

Note

The python script for this problem can be found at examples/ldc/ldc_2d_zeroEq.py

Importing the required packages

Import Modulus’ ZeroEquation to help setup the problem. Other import are very similar to previous LDC.

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from sympy import Symbol, Eq, Abs
import torch
import modulus
from modulus.hydra import to_absolute_path, instantiate_arch, ModulusConfig
from modulus.utils.io import csv_to_dict
from modulus.solver import Solver
from modulus.domain import Domain
from modulus.geometry.primitives_2d import Rectangle

from modulus.domain.constraint import (
PointwiseBoundaryConstraint,
PointwiseInteriorConstraint,
)
from modulus.domain.monitor import PointwiseMonitor
from modulus.domain.validator import PointwiseValidator
from modulus.domain.inferencer import PointwiseInferencer
from modulus.eq.pdes.navier_stokes import NavierStokes
from modulus.eq.pdes.turbulence_zero_eq import ZeroEquation
from modulus.utils.io.plotter import ValidatorPlotter, InferencerPlotter
from modulus.key import Key


Defining the Equations, Networks and Nodes

In addition to the Navier-Stokes equation, the Zero Equation turbulence model is included by instantiating the ZeroEquation equation class. The kinematic viscosity $$\nu$$ in the Navier-Stokes equation is a now a sympy expression given by the ZeroEquation. The ZeroEquation turbulence model provides the effective viscosity $$(\nu+\nu_t)$$ to the Navier-Stokes equations. The kinematic viscosity of the fluid calculated based on the Reynolds number is given as an input to the ZeroEquation class.

The Zero Equation turbulence model is defined in the equations below. Note, $$\mu_t = \rho \nu_t$$.

Where, $$l_m$$ is the mixing length, $$d$$ is the normal distance from wall, $$d_{max}$$ is maximum normal distance and $$\sqrt{G}$$ is the modulus of mean rate of strain tensor.

The zero equation turbulence model requires normal distance from no slip walls to compute the turbulent viscosity. For most examples, signed distance field (SDF) can act as a normal distance. When the geometry is generated using either the Modulus’ geometry module/tesselation module you have access to the sdf variable similar to the other coordinate variables when used in interior sampling. Since zero equation also computes the derivatives of the viscosity, when using the PointwiseInteriorConstraint, you can pass an argument that says compute_sdf_derivatives=True. This will compute the required derivatives of the SDF like sdf__x, sdf__y, etc.

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# make list of nodes to unroll graph on
ze = ZeroEquation(nu=1e-4, dim=2, time=False, max_distance=height / 2)
ns = NavierStokes(nu=ze.equations["nu"], rho=1.0, dim=2, time=False)
flow_net = instantiate_arch(
input_keys=[Key("x"), Key("y")],
output_keys=[Key("u"), Key("v"), Key("p")],
cfg=cfg.arch.fully_connected,
)

nodes = (
ns.make_nodes()
+ ze.make_nodes()
+ [flow_net.make_node(name="flow_network")]
)


Setting up domain, adding constraints and running the solver

This section of the code is very similar to LDC tutorial, so the code and final results is presented here.

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# make ldc domain
ldc_domain = Domain()

# top wall
top_wall = PointwiseBoundaryConstraint(
nodes=nodes,
geometry=rec,
outvar={"u": 1.5, "v": 0},
batch_size=cfg.batch_size.TopWall,
lambda_weighting={"u": 1.0 - 20 * Abs(x), "v": 1.0},  # weight edges to be zero
criteria=Eq(y, height / 2),
)

# no slip
no_slip = PointwiseBoundaryConstraint(
nodes=nodes,
geometry=rec,
outvar={"u": 0, "v": 0},
batch_size=cfg.batch_size.NoSlip,
criteria=y < height / 2,
)

# interior
interior = PointwiseInteriorConstraint(
nodes=nodes,
geometry=rec,
outvar={"continuity": 0, "momentum_x": 0, "momentum_y": 0},
batch_size=cfg.batch_size.Interior,
compute_sdf_derivatives=True,
lambda_weighting={
"continuity": Symbol("sdf"),
"momentum_x": Symbol("sdf"),
"momentum_y": Symbol("sdf"),
},
)

mapping = {
"Points:0": "x",
"Points:1": "y",
"U:0": "u",
"U:1": "v",
"p": "p",
"d": "sdf",
"nuT": "nu",
}
openfoam_var = csv_to_dict(
to_absolute_path("openfoam/cavity_uniformVel_zeroEqn_refined.csv"), mapping
)
openfoam_var["x"] += -width / 2  # center OpenFoam data
openfoam_var["y"] += -height / 2  # center OpenFoam data
openfoam_var["nu"] += 1e-4  # effective viscosity
openfoam_invar_numpy = {
key: value for key, value in openfoam_var.items() if key in ["x", "y", "sdf"]
}
openfoam_outvar_numpy = {
key: value for key, value in openfoam_var.items() if key in ["u", "v", "nu"]
}
openfoam_validator = PointwiseValidator(
nodes=nodes,
invar=openfoam_invar_numpy,
true_outvar=openfoam_outvar_numpy,
batch_size=1024,
plotter=ValidatorPlotter(),
)

grid_inference = PointwiseInferencer(
nodes=nodes,
invar=openfoam_invar_numpy,
output_names=["u", "v", "p", "nu"],
batch_size=1024,
plotter=InferencerPlotter(),
)

global_monitor = PointwiseMonitor(
rec.sample_interior(4000),
output_names=["continuity", "momentum_x", "momentum_y"],
metrics={
"mass_imbalance": lambda var: torch.sum(
var["area"] * torch.abs(var["continuity"])
),
"momentum_imbalance": lambda var: torch.sum(
var["area"]
* (torch.abs(var["momentum_x"]) + torch.abs(var["momentum_y"]))
),
},
nodes=nodes,
)

# make solver
slv = Solver(cfg, ldc_domain)

# start solver
slv.solve()

if __name__ == "__main__":
run()


The results of the turbulent lid driven cavity flow are shown below.