CUDA Binary Utilities
The application notes for cuobjdump, nvdisasm, cu++filt, and nvprune.
1. Overview
This document introduces cuobjdump
, nvdisasm
, cu++filt
and nvprune
, four CUDA binary tools for Linux (x86, ARM and P9), Windows, Mac OS and Android.
1.1. What is a CUDA Binary?
A CUDA binary (also referred to as cubin) file is an ELF-formatted file which consists of CUDA executable code sections as well as other sections containing symbols, relocators, debug info, etc. By default, the CUDA compiler driver nvcc
embeds cubin files into the host executable file. But they can also be generated separately by using the “-cubin
” option of nvcc
. cubin files are loaded at run time by the CUDA driver API.
Note
For more details on cubin files or the CUDA compilation trajectory, refer to NVIDIA CUDA Compiler Driver NVCC.
1.2. Differences between cuobjdump
and nvdisasm
CUDA provides two binary utilities for examining and disassembling cubin files and host executables: cuobjdump
and nvdisasm
. Basically, cuobjdump
accepts both cubin files and host binaries while nvdisasm
only accepts cubin files; but nvdisasm
provides richer output options.
Here’s a quick comparison of the two tools:
|
|
|
---|---|---|
Disassemble cubin |
Yes |
Yes |
Extract ptx and extract and disassemble cubin from the following input files:
|
Yes |
No |
Control flow analysis and output |
No |
Yes |
Advanced display options |
No |
Yes |
1.3. Command Option Types and Notation
This section of the document provides common details about the command line options for the following tools:
Each command-line option has a long name and a short name, which are interchangeable with each other. These two variants are distinguished by the number of hyphens that must precede the option name, i.e. long names must be preceded by two hyphens and short names must be preceded by a single hyphen. For example, -I
is the short name of --include-path
. Long options are intended for use in build scripts, where size of the option is less important than descriptive value and short options are intended for interactive use.
The tools mentioned above recognize three types of command options: boolean options, single value options and list options.
Boolean options do not have an argument, they are either specified on a command line or not. Single value options must be specified at most once and list options may be repeated. Examples of each of these option types are, respectively:
Boolean option : nvdisams --print-raw <file>
Single value : nvdisasm --binary SM70 <file>
List options : cuobjdump --function "foo,bar,foobar" <file>
Single value options and list options must have arguments, which must follow the name of the option by either one or more spaces or an equals character. When a one-character short name such as -I
, -l
, and -L
is used, the value of the option may also immediately follow the option itself without being seperated by spaces or an equal character. The individual values of list options may be separated by commas in a single instance of the option or the option may be repeated, or any combination of these two cases.
Hence, for the two sample options mentioned above that may take values, the following notations are legal:
-o file
-o=file
-Idir1,dir2 -I=dir3 -I dir4,dir5
For options taking a single value, if specified multiple times, the rightmost value in the command line will be considered for that option. In the below example, test.bin
binary will be disassembled assuming SM75
as the architecture.
nvdisasm.exe -b SM70 -b SM75 test.bin
nvdisasm warning : incompatible redefinition for option 'binary', the last value of this option was used
For options taking a list of values, if specified multiple times, the values get appended to the list. If there are duplicate values specified, they are ignored. In the below example, functions foo
and bar
are considered as valid values for option --function
and the duplicate value foo
is ignored.
cuobjdump --function "foo" --function "bar" --function "foo" -sass test.cubin
2. cuobjdump
cuobjdump
extracts information from CUDA binary files (both standalone and those embedded in host binaries) and presents them in human readable format. The output of cuobjdump
includes CUDA assembly code for each kernel, CUDA ELF section headers, string tables, relocators and other CUDA specific sections. It also extracts embedded ptx text from host binaries.
For a list of CUDA assembly instruction set of each GPU architecture, see Instruction Set Reference.
2.1. Usage
cuobjdump
accepts a single input file each time it’s run. The basic usage is as following:
cuobjdump [options] <file>
To disassemble a standalone cubin or cubins embedded in a host executable and show CUDA assembly of the kernels, use the following command:
cuobjdump -sass <input file>
To dump cuda elf sections in human readable format from a cubin file, use the following command:
cuobjdump -elf <cubin file>
To extract ptx text from a host binary, use the following command:
cuobjdump -ptx <host binary>
Here’s a sample output of cuobjdump
:
$ cuobjdump a.out -sass -ptx
Fatbin elf code:
================
arch = sm_70
code version = [1,7]
producer = cuda
host = linux
compile_size = 64bit
identifier = add.cu
code for sm_70
Function : _Z3addPiS_S_
.headerflags @"EF_CUDA_SM70 EF_CUDA_PTX_SM(EF_CUDA_SM70)"
/*0000*/ IMAD.MOV.U32 R1, RZ, RZ, c[0x0][0x28] ; /* 0x00000a00ff017624 */
/* 0x000fd000078e00ff */
/*0010*/ @!PT SHFL.IDX PT, RZ, RZ, RZ, RZ ; /* 0x000000fffffff389 */
/* 0x000fe200000e00ff */
/*0020*/ IMAD.MOV.U32 R2, RZ, RZ, c[0x0][0x160] ; /* 0x00005800ff027624 */
/* 0x000fe200078e00ff */
/*0030*/ MOV R3, c[0x0][0x164] ; /* 0x0000590000037a02 */
/* 0x000fe20000000f00 */
/*0040*/ IMAD.MOV.U32 R4, RZ, RZ, c[0x0][0x168] ; /* 0x00005a00ff047624 */
/* 0x000fe200078e00ff */
/*0050*/ MOV R5, c[0x0][0x16c] ; /* 0x00005b0000057a02 */
/* 0x000fcc0000000f00 */
/*0060*/ LDG.E.SYS R2, [R2] ; /* 0x0000000002027381 */
/* 0x000ea800001ee900 */
/*0070*/ LDG.E.SYS R5, [R4] ; /* 0x0000000004057381 */
/* 0x000ea200001ee900 */
/*0080*/ IMAD.MOV.U32 R6, RZ, RZ, c[0x0][0x170] ; /* 0x00005c00ff067624 */
/* 0x000fe200078e00ff */
/*0090*/ MOV R7, c[0x0][0x174] ; /* 0x00005d0000077a02 */
/* 0x000fe40000000f00 */
/*00a0*/ IADD3 R9, R2, R5, RZ ; /* 0x0000000502097210 */
/* 0x004fd00007ffe0ff */
/*00b0*/ STG.E.SYS [R6], R9 ; /* 0x0000000906007386 */
/* 0x000fe2000010e900 */
/*00c0*/ EXIT ; /* 0x000000000000794d */
/* 0x000fea0003800000 */
/*00d0*/ BRA 0xd0; /* 0xfffffff000007947 */
/* 0x000fc0000383ffff */
/*00e0*/ NOP; /* 0x0000000000007918 */
/* 0x000fc00000000000 */
/*00f0*/ NOP; /* 0x0000000000007918 */
/* 0x000fc00000000000 */
.......................
Fatbin ptx code:
================
arch = sm_70
code version = [7,0]
producer = cuda
host = linux
compile_size = 64bit
compressed
identifier = add.cu
.version 7.0
.target sm_70
.address_size 64
.visible .entry _Z3addPiS_S_(
.param .u64 _Z3addPiS_S__param_0,
.param .u64 _Z3addPiS_S__param_1,
.param .u64 _Z3addPiS_S__param_2
)
{
.reg .s32 %r<4>;
.reg .s64 %rd<7>;
ld.param.u64 %rd1, [_Z3addPiS_S__param_0];
ld.param.u64 %rd2, [_Z3addPiS_S__param_1];
ld.param.u64 %rd3, [_Z3addPiS_S__param_2];
cvta.to.global.u64 %rd4, %rd3;
cvta.to.global.u64 %rd5, %rd2;
cvta.to.global.u64 %rd6, %rd1;
ld.global.u32 %r1, [%rd6];
ld.global.u32 %r2, [%rd5];
add.s32 %r3, %r2, %r1;
st.global.u32 [%rd4], %r3;
ret;
}
As shown in the output, the a.out
host binary contains cubin and ptx code for sm_70.
To list cubin files in the host binary use -lelf
option:
$ cuobjdump a.out -lelf
ELF file 1: add_new.sm_70.cubin
ELF file 2: add_new.sm_75.cubin
ELF file 3: add_old.sm_70.cubin
ELF file 4: add_old.sm_75.cubin
To extract all the cubins as files from the host binary use -xelf all
option:
$ cuobjdump a.out -xelf all
Extracting ELF file 1: add_new.sm_70.cubin
Extracting ELF file 2: add_new.sm_75.cubin
Extracting ELF file 3: add_old.sm_70.cubin
Extracting ELF file 4: add_old.sm_75.cubin
To extract the cubin named add_new.sm_70.cubin
:
$ cuobjdump a.out -xelf add_new.sm_70.cubin
Extracting ELF file 1: add_new.sm_70.cubin
To extract only the cubins containing _old
in their names:
$ cuobjdump a.out -xelf _old
Extracting ELF file 1: add_old.sm_70.cubin
Extracting ELF file 2: add_old.sm_75.cubin
You can pass any substring to -xelf
and -xptx
options. Only the files having the substring in the name will be extracted from the input binary.
To dump common and per function resource usage information:
$ cuobjdump test.cubin -res-usage
Resource usage:
Common:
GLOBAL:56 CONSTANT[3]:28
Function calculate:
REG:24 STACK:8 SHARED:0 LOCAL:0 CONSTANT[0]:472 CONSTANT[2]:24 TEXTURE:0 SURFACE:0 SAMPLER:0
Function mysurf_func:
REG:38 STACK:8 SHARED:4 LOCAL:0 CONSTANT[0]:532 TEXTURE:8 SURFACE:7 SAMPLER:0
Function mytexsampler_func:
REG:42 STACK:0 SHARED:0 LOCAL:0 CONSTANT[0]:472 TEXTURE:4 SURFACE:0 SAMPLER:1
Note that value for REG, TEXTURE, SURFACE and SAMPLER denotes the count and for other resources it denotes no. of byte(s) used.
2.2. Command-line Options
Table 2 contains supported command-line options of cuobjdump
, along with a description of what each option does. Each option has a long name and a short name, which can be used interchangeably.
Option (long) |
Option (short) |
Description |
---|---|---|
|
|
Dump all fatbin sections. By default will only dump contents of executable fatbin (if exists), else relocatable fatbin if no executable fatbin. |
|
|
Dump ELF Object sections. |
|
|
Dump ELF symbol names. |
|
|
Dump PTX for all listed device functions. |
|
|
Dump CUDA assembly for a single cubin file or all cubin files embedded in the binary. |
|
|
Dump resource usage for each ELF. Useful in getting all the resource usage information at one place. |
|
|
Extract ELF file(s) name containing <partial file name> and save as file(s). Use |
|
|
Extract PTX file(s) name containing <partial file name> and save as file(s). Use |
|
|
Extract text binary encoding file(s) name containing <partial file name> and save as file(s). Use ‘all’ to extract all files. To get the list of text binary encoding use -ltext option. All ‘dump’ and ‘list’ options are ignored with this option. |
|
|
Specify names of device functions whose fat binary structures must be dumped. |
|
|
Specify symbol table index of the function whose fat binary structures must be dumped. |
|
|
Specify GPU Architecture for which information should be dumped. Allowed values for this option: |
|
|
Print this help information on this tool. |
|
|
List all the ELF files available in the fatbin. Works with host executable/object/library and external fatbin. All other options are ignored with this flag. This can be used to select particular ELF with -xelf option later. |
|
|
List all the PTX files available in the fatbin. Works with host executable/object/library and external fatbin. All other options are ignored with this flag. This can be used to select particular PTX with -xptx option later. |
|
|
List all the text binary function names available in the fatbin. All other options are ignored with the flag. This can be used to select particular function with -xtext option later. |
|
|
Include command line options from specified file. |
|
|
Sort functions when dumping sass. |
|
|
Print version information on this tool. |
3. nvdisasm
nvdisasm
extracts information from standalone cubin files and presents them in human readable format. The output of nvdisasm
includes CUDA assembly code for each kernel, listing of ELF data sections and other CUDA specific sections. Output style and options are controlled through nvdisasm
command-line options. nvdisasm
also does control flow analysis to annotate jump/branch targets and makes the output easier to read.
Note
nvdisasm
requires complete relocation information to do control flow analysis. If this information is missing from the CUDA binary, either use the nvdisasm
option -ndf
to turn off control flow analysis, or use the ptxas
and nvlink
option -preserve-relocs
to re-generate the cubin file.
For a list of CUDA assembly instruction set of each GPU architecture, see Instruction Set Reference.
3.1. Usage
nvdisasm
accepts a single input file each time it’s run. The basic usage is as following:
nvdisasm [options] <input cubin file>
Here’s a sample output of nvdisasm
:
.headerflags @"EF_CUDA_TEXMODE_UNIFIED EF_CUDA_64BIT_ADDRESS EF_CUDA_SM70
EF_CUDA_VIRTUAL_SM(EF_CUDA_SM70)"
.elftype @"ET_EXEC"
//--------------------- .nv.info --------------------------
.section .nv.info,"",@"SHT_CUDA_INFO"
.align 4
......
//--------------------- .text._Z9acos_main10acosParams --------------------------
.section .text._Z9acos_main10acosParams,"ax",@progbits
.sectioninfo @"SHI_REGISTERS=14"
.align 128
.global _Z9acos_main10acosParams
.type _Z9acos_main10acosParams,@function
.size _Z9acos_main10acosParams,(.L_21 - _Z9acos_main10acosParams)
.other _Z9acos_main10acosParams,@"STO_CUDA_ENTRY STV_DEFAULT"
_Z9acos_main10acosParams:
.text._Z9acos_main10acosParams:
/*0000*/ MOV R1, c[0x0][0x28] ;
/*0010*/ NOP;
/*0020*/ S2R R0, SR_CTAID.X ;
/*0030*/ S2R R3, SR_TID.X ;
/*0040*/ IMAD R0, R0, c[0x0][0x0], R3 ;
/*0050*/ ISETP.GE.AND P0, PT, R0, c[0x0][0x170], PT ;
/*0060*/ @P0 EXIT ;
.L_1:
/*0070*/ MOV R11, 0x4 ;
/*0080*/ IMAD.WIDE R2, R0, R11, c[0x0][0x160] ;
/*0090*/ LDG.E.SYS R2, [R2] ;
/*00a0*/ MOV R7, 0x3d53f941 ;
/*00b0*/ FADD.FTZ R4, |R2|.reuse, -RZ ;
/*00c0*/ FSETP.GT.FTZ.AND P0, PT, |R2|.reuse, 0.5699, PT ;
/*00d0*/ FSETP.GEU.FTZ.AND P1, PT, R2, RZ, PT ;
/*00e0*/ FADD.FTZ R5, -R4, 1 ;
/*00f0*/ IMAD.WIDE R2, R0, R11, c[0x0][0x168] ;
/*0100*/ FMUL.FTZ R5, R5, 0.5 ;
/*0110*/ @P0 MUFU.SQRT R4, R5 ;
/*0120*/ MOV R5, c[0x0][0x0] ;
/*0130*/ IMAD R0, R5, c[0x0][0xc], R0 ;
/*0140*/ FMUL.FTZ R6, R4, R4 ;
/*0150*/ FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.018166976049542427063 ;
/*0160*/ FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.046756859868764877319 ;
/*0170*/ FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.074846573173999786377 ;
/*0180*/ FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.16667014360427856445 ;
/*0190*/ FMUL.FTZ R7, R6, R7 ;
/*01a0*/ FFMA.FTZ R7, R4, R7, R4 ;
/*01b0*/ FADD.FTZ R9, R7, R7 ;
/*01c0*/ @!P0 FADD.FTZ R9, -R7, 1.5707963705062866211 ;
/*01d0*/ ISETP.GE.AND P0, PT, R0, c[0x0][0x170], PT ;
/*01e0*/ @!P1 FADD.FTZ R9, -R9, 3.1415927410125732422 ;
/*01f0*/ STG.E.SYS [R2], R9 ;
/*0200*/ @!P0 BRA `(.L_1) ;
/*0210*/ EXIT ;
.L_2:
/*0220*/ BRA `(.L_2);
.L_21:
To get the control flow graph of a kernel, use the following:
nvdisasm -cfg <input cubin file>
nvdisasm
is capable of generating control flow of CUDA assembly in the format of DOT graph description language. The output of the control flow from nvdisasm can be directly imported to a DOT graph visualization tool such as Graphviz.
Here’s how you can generate a PNG image (cfg.png
) of the control flow of the above cubin (a.cubin
) with nvdisasm
and Graphviz:
nvdisasm -cfg a.cubin | dot -ocfg.png -Tpng
Here’s the generated graph:
![Control Flow Graph](_images/cfg.png)
Control Flow Graph
To generate a PNG image (bbcfg.png
) of the basic block control flow of the above cubin (a.cubin
) with nvdisasm
and Graphviz:
nvdisasm -bbcfg a.cubin | dot -obbcfg.png -Tpng
Here’s the generated graph:
![Basic Block Control Flow Graph](_images/bbcfg.png)
Basic Block Control Flow Graph
nvdisasm
is capable of showing the register (general and predicate) liveness range information. For each line of CUDA assembly, nvdisasm
displays whether a given device register was assigned, accessed, live or re-assigned. It also shows the total number of registers used. This is useful if the user is interested in the life range of any particular register, or register usage in general.
Here’s a sample output (output is pruned for brevity):
// +-----------------+------+
// | GPR | PRED |
// | | |
// | | |
// | 000000000011 | |
// | # 012345678901 | # 01 |
// +-----------------+------+
.global acos // | | |
.type acos,@function // | | |
.size acos,(.L_21 - acos) // | | |
.other acos,@"STO_CUDA_ENTRY STV_DEFAULT" // | | |
acos: // | | |
.text.acos: // | | |
MOV R1, c[0x0][0x28] ; // | 1 ^ | |
NOP; // | 1 ^ | |
S2R R0, SR_CTAID.X ; // | 2 ^: | |
S2R R3, SR_TID.X ; // | 3 :: ^ | |
IMAD R0, R0, c[0x0][0x0], R3 ; // | 3 x: v | |
ISETP.GE.AND P0, PT, R0, c[0x0][0x170], PT ; // | 2 v: | 1 ^ |
@P0 EXIT ; // | 2 :: | 1 v |
.L_1: // | 2 :: | |
MOV R11, 0x4 ; // | 3 :: ^ | |
IMAD.WIDE R2, R0, R11, c[0x0][0x160] ; // | 5 v:^^ v | |
LDG.E.SYS R2, [R2] ; // | 4 ::^ : | |
MOV R7, 0x3d53f941 ; // | 5 ::: ^ : | |
FADD.FTZ R4, |R2|.reuse, -RZ ; // | 6 ::v ^ : : | |
FSETP.GT.FTZ.AND P0, PT, |R2|.reuse, 0.5699, PT; // | 6 ::v : : : | 1 ^ |
FSETP.GEU.FTZ.AND P1, PT, R2, RZ, PT ; // | 6 ::v : : : | 2 :^ |
FADD.FTZ R5, -R4, 1 ; // | 6 :: v^ : : | 2 :: |
IMAD.WIDE R2, R0, R11, c[0x0][0x168] ; // | 8 v:^^:: : v | 2 :: |
FMUL.FTZ R5, R5, 0.5 ; // | 5 :: :x : | 2 :: |
@P0 MUFU.SQRT R4, R5 ; // | 5 :: ^v : | 2 v: |
MOV R5, c[0x0][0x0] ; // | 5 :: :^ : | 2 :: |
IMAD R0, R5, c[0x0][0xc], R0 ; // | 5 x: :v : | 2 :: |
FMUL.FTZ R6, R4, R4 ; // | 5 :: v ^: | 2 :: |
FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.018166976049542427063 ; // | 5 :: : vx | 2 :: |
FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.046756859868764877319 ; // | 5 :: : vx | 2 :: |
FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.074846573173999786377 ; // | 5 :: : vx | 2 :: |
FFMA.FTZ R7, R6, R7, 0.16667014360427856445 ; // | 5 :: : vx | 2 :: |
FMUL.FTZ R7, R6, R7 ; // | 5 :: : vx | 2 :: |
FFMA.FTZ R7, R4, R7, R4 ; // | 4 :: v x | 2 :: |
FADD.FTZ R9, R7, R7 ; // | 4 :: v ^ | 2 :: |
@!P0 FADD.FTZ R9, -R7, 1.5707963705062866211 ; // | 4 :: v ^ | 2 v: |
ISETP.GE.AND P0, PT, R0, c[0x0][0x170], PT ; // | 3 v: : | 2 ^: |
@!P1 FADD.FTZ R9, -R9, 3.1415927410125732422 ; // | 3 :: x | 2 :v |
STG.E.SYS [R2], R9 ; // | 3 :: v | 1 : |
@!P0 BRA `(.L_1) ; // | 2 :: | 1 v |
EXIT ; // | 1 : | |
.L_2: // +.................+......+
BRA `(.L_2); // | | |
.L_21: // +-----------------+------+
// Legend:
// ^ : Register assignment
// v : Register usage
// x : Register usage and reassignment
// : : Register in use
// <space> : Register not in use
// # : Number of occupied registers
nvdisasm
is capable of showing line number information of the CUDA source file which can be useful for debugging.
To get the line-info of a kernel, use the following:
nvdisasm -g <input cubin file>
Here’s a sample output of a kernel using nvdisasm -g
command:
//--------------------- .text._Z6kernali --------------------------
.section .text._Z6kernali,"ax",@progbits
.sectioninfo @"SHI_REGISTERS=24"
.align 128
.global _Z6kernali
.type _Z6kernali,@function
.size _Z6kernali,(.L_4 - _Z6kernali)
.other _Z6kernali,@"STO_CUDA_ENTRY STV_DEFAULT"
_Z6kernali:
.text._Z6kernali:
/*0000*/ MOV R1, c[0x0][0x28] ;
/*0010*/ NOP;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/sample/sample.cu", line 25
/*0020*/ MOV R0, 0x160 ;
/*0030*/ LDC R0, c[0x0][R0] ;
/*0040*/ MOV R0, R0 ;
/*0050*/ MOV R2, R0 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/sample/sample.cu", line 26
/*0060*/ MOV R4, R2 ;
/*0070*/ MOV R20, 32@lo((_Z6kernali + .L_1@srel)) ;
/*0080*/ MOV R21, 32@hi((_Z6kernali + .L_1@srel)) ;
/*0090*/ CALL.ABS.NOINC `(_Z3fooi) ;
.L_1:
/*00a0*/ MOV R0, R4 ;
/*00b0*/ MOV R4, R2 ;
/*00c0*/ MOV R2, R0 ;
/*00d0*/ MOV R20, 32@lo((_Z6kernali + .L_2@srel)) ;
/*00e0*/ MOV R21, 32@hi((_Z6kernali + .L_2@srel)) ;
/*00f0*/ CALL.ABS.NOINC `(_Z3bari) ;
.L_2:
/*0100*/ MOV R4, R4 ;
/*0110*/ IADD3 R4, R2, R4, RZ ;
/*0120*/ MOV R2, 32@lo(arr) ;
/*0130*/ MOV R3, 32@hi(arr) ;
/*0140*/ MOV R2, R2 ;
/*0150*/ MOV R3, R3 ;
/*0160*/ ST.E.SYS [R2], R4 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/sample/sample.cu", line 27
/*0170*/ ERRBAR ;
/*0180*/ EXIT ;
.L_3:
/*0190*/ BRA `(.L_3);
.L_4:
nvdisasm
is capable of showing line number information with additional function inlining info (if any). In absence of any function inlining the output is same as the one with nvdisasm -g
command.
Here’s a sample output of a kernel using nvdisasm -gi
command:
//--------------------- .text._Z6kernali --------------------------
.section .text._Z6kernali,"ax",@progbits
.sectioninfo @"SHI_REGISTERS=16"
.align 128
.global _Z6kernali
.type _Z6kernali,@function
.size _Z6kernali,(.L_18 - _Z6kernali)
.other _Z6kernali,@"STO_CUDA_ENTRY STV_DEFAULT"
_Z6kernali:
.text._Z6kernali:
/*0000*/ IMAD.MOV.U32 R1, RZ, RZ, c[0x0][0x28] ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0010*/ UMOV UR4, 32@lo(arr) ;
/*0020*/ UMOV UR5, 32@hi(arr) ;
/*0030*/ IMAD.U32 R2, RZ, RZ, UR4 ;
/*0040*/ MOV R3, UR5 ;
/*0050*/ ULDC.64 UR4, c[0x0][0x118] ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 10 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0060*/ LDG.E R4, [R2.64] ;
/*0070*/ LDG.E R5, [R2.64+0x4] ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0080*/ LDG.E R0, [R2.64+0x8] ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0090*/ UMOV UR6, 32@lo(ans) ;
/*00a0*/ UMOV UR7, 32@hi(ans) ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 10 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*00b0*/ IADD3 R7, R4, c[0x0][0x160], RZ ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*00c0*/ IMAD.U32 R4, RZ, RZ, UR6 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 10 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*00d0*/ IADD3 R9, R5, c[0x0][0x160], RZ ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*00e0*/ MOV R5, UR7 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 10 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*00f0*/ IADD3 R11, R0.reuse, c[0x0][0x160], RZ ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0100*/ IMAD.IADD R13, R0, 0x1, R7 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 10 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 17 inlined at "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0110*/ STG.E [R2.64+0x4], R9 ;
/*0120*/ STG.E [R2.64], R7 ;
/*0130*/ STG.E [R2.64+0x8], R11 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 23
/*0140*/ STG.E [R4.64], R13 ;
//## File "/home/user/cuda/inline.cu", line 24
/*0150*/ EXIT ;
.L_3:
/*0160*/ BRA (.L_3);
.L_18:
3.2. Command-line Options
Table 3 contains the supported command-line options of nvdisasm
, along with a description of what each option does. Each option has a long name and a short name, which can be used interchangeably.
Option (long) |
Option (short) |
Description |
---|---|---|
|
|
Specify the logical base address of the image to disassemble. This option is only valid when disassembling a raw instruction binary (see option |
|
|
When this option is specified, the input file is assumed to contain a raw instruction binary, that is, a sequence of binary instruction encodings as they occur in instruction memory.
The value of this option must be the asserted architecture of the raw binary. Allowed values for this option: |
|
|
Restrict the output to the CUDA functions represented by symbols with the given indices. The CUDA function for a given symbol is the enclosing section. This only restricts executable sections; all other sections will still be printed. |
|
|
Print this help information on this tool. |
|
|
This option implies option |
|
|
Disable dataflow analyzer after disassembly. Dataflow analysis is normally enabled to perform branch stack analysis and annotate all instructions that jump via the GPU branch stack with inferred branch target labels. However, it may occasionally fail when certain restrictions on the input nvelf/cubin are not met. |
|
|
Conventional mode; disassemble paired instructions in normal syntax, instead of VLIW syntax. |
|
|
Include command line options from specified file. |
|
|
When specified output the control flow graph, where each node is a hyperblock, in a format consumable by graphviz tools (such as dot). |
|
|
When specified output the control flow graph, where each node is a basicblock, in a format consumable by graphviz tools (such as dot). |
|
|
Only print code sections. |
|
|
When specified, print instruction offsets in the control flow graph. This should be used along with the option –output-control-flow-graph or –output-control-flow-graph-with-basic-blocks. |
|
|
When specified, print the encoding bytes after each disassembled operation. |
|
|
Print register life range information in a trailing column in the produced disassembly. |
|
|
Annotate disassembly with source line information obtained from .debug_line section, if present. |
|
|
Annotate disassembly with source line information obtained from .debug_line section along with function inlining info, if present. |
|
|
Annotate disassembly with source line information obtained from .nv_debug_line_sass section, if present. |
|
|
Print the disassembly without any attempt to beautify it. |
|
|
Separate the code corresponding with function symbols by some new lines to let them stand out in the printed disassembly. |
|
|
Print version information on this tool. |
4. Instruction Set Reference
This is an instruction set reference for NVIDIA® GPU architectures Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal, Volta, Turing and Ampere.
4.1. Maxwell and Pascal Instruction Set
The Maxwell (Compute Capability 5.x) and the Pascal (Compute Capability 6.x) architectures have the following instruction set format:
(instruction) (destination) (source1), (source2) ...
Valid destination and source locations include:
RX for registers
SRX for special system-controlled registers
PX for condition registers
c[X][Y] for constant memory
Table 4 lists valid instructions for the Maxwell and Pascal GPUs.
Opcode |
Description |
---|---|
Floating Point Instructions |
|
FADD |
FP32 Add |
FCHK |
Single Precision FP Divide Range Check |
FCMP |
FP32 Compare to Zero and Select Source |
FFMA |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FMNMX |
FP32 Minimum/Maximum |
FMUL |
FP32 Multiply |
FSET |
FP32 Compare And Set |
FSETP |
FP32 Compare And Set Predicate |
FSWZADD |
FP32 Add used for FSWZ emulation |
MUFU |
Multi Function Operation |
RRO |
Range Reduction Operator FP |
DADD |
FP64 Add |
DFMA |
FP64 Fused Mutiply Add |
DMNMX |
FP64 Minimum/Maximum |
DMUL |
FP64 Multiply |
DSET |
FP64 Compare And Set |
DSETP |
FP64 Compare And Set Predicate |
HADD2 |
FP16 Add |
HFMA2 |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HMUL2 |
FP16 Multiply |
HSET2 |
FP16 Compare And Set |
HSETP2 |
FP16 Compare And Set Predicate |
Integer Instructions |
|
BFE |
Bit Field Extract |
BFI |
Bit Field Insert |
FLO |
Find Leading One |
IADD |
Integer Addition |
IADD3 |
3-input Integer Addition |
ICMP |
Integer Compare to Zero and Select Source |
IMAD |
Integer Multiply And Add |
IMADSP |
Extracted Integer Multiply And Add. |
IMNMX |
Integer Minimum/Maximum |
IMUL |
Integer Multiply |
ISCADD |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISET |
Integer Compare And Set |
ISETP |
Integer Compare And Set Predicate |
LEA |
Compute Effective Address |
LOP |
Logic Operation |
LOP3 |
3-input Logic Operation |
POPC |
Population count |
SHF |
Funnel Shift |
SHL |
Shift Left |
SHR |
Shift Right |
XMAD |
Integer Short Multiply Add |
Conversion Instructions |
|
F2F |
Floating Point To Floating Point Conversion |
F2I |
Floating Point To Integer Conversion |
I2F |
Integer To Floating Point Conversion |
I2I |
Integer To Integer Conversion |
Movement Instructions |
|
MOV |
Move |
PRMT |
Permute Register Pair |
SEL |
Select Source with Predicate |
SHFL |
Warp Wide Register Shuffle |
Predicate/CC Instructions |
|
CSET |
Test Condition Code And Set |
CSETP |
Test Condition Code and Set Predicate |
PSET |
Combine Predicates and Set |
PSETP |
Combine Predicates and Set Predicate |
P2R |
Move Predicate Register To Register |
R2P |
Move Register To Predicate/CC Register |
Texture Instructions |
|
TEX |
Texture Fetch |
TLD |
Texture Load |
TLD4 |
Texture Load 4 |
TXQ |
Texture Query |
TEXS |
Texture Fetch with scalar/non-vec4 source/destinations |
TLD4S |
Texture Load 4 with scalar/non-vec4 source/destinations |
TLDS |
Texture Load with scalar/non-vec4 source/destinations |
Compute Load/Store Instructions |
|
LD |
Load from generic Memory |
LDC |
Load Constant |
LDG |
Load from Global Memory |
LDL |
Load within Local Memory Window |
LDS |
Local within Shared Memory Window |
ST |
Store to generic Memory |
STG |
Store to global Memory |
STL |
Store to Local Memory |
STS |
Store to Shared Memory |
ATOM |
Atomic Operation on generic Memory |
ATOMS |
Atomic Operation on Shared Memory |
RED |
Reduction Operation on generic Memory |
CCTL |
Cache Control |
CCTLL |
Cache Control |
MEMBAR |
Memory Barrier |
CCTLT |
Texture Cache Control |
Surface Memory Instructions |
|
SUATOM |
Atomic Op on Surface Memory |
SULD |
Surface Load |
SURED |
Reduction Op on Surface Memory |
SUST |
Surface Store |
Control Instructions |
|
BRA |
Relative Branch |
BRX |
Relative Branch Indirect |
JMP |
Absolute Jump |
JMX |
Absolute Jump Indirect |
SSY |
Set Synchronization Point |
SYNC |
Converge threads after conditional branch |
CAL |
Relative Call |
JCAL |
Absolute Call |
PRET |
Pre-Return From Subroutine |
RET |
Return From Subroutine |
BRK |
Break |
PBK |
Pre-Break |
CONT |
Continue |
PCNT |
Pre-continue |
EXIT |
Exit Program |
PEXIT |
Pre-Exit |
BPT |
BreakPoint/Trap |
Miscellaneous Instructions |
|
NOP |
No Operation |
CS2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
S2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
B2R |
Move Barrier To Register |
BAR |
Barrier Synchronization |
R2B |
Move Register to Barrier |
VOTE |
Vote Across SIMD Thread Group |
4.2. Volta Instruction Set
The Volta architecture (Compute Capability 7.x) has the following instruction set format:
(instruction) (destination) (source1), (source2) ...
Valid destination and source locations include:
RX for registers
SRX for special system-controlled registers
PX for predicate registers
c[X][Y] for constant memory
Table 5 lists valid instructions for the Volta GPUs.
Opcode |
Description |
---|---|
Floating Point Instructions |
|
FADD |
FP32 Add |
FADD32I |
FP32 Add |
FCHK |
Floating-point Range Check |
FFMA32I |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FFMA |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FMNMX |
FP32 Minimum/Maximum |
FMUL |
FP32 Multiply |
FMUL32I |
FP32 Multiply |
FSEL |
Floating Point Select |
FSET |
FP32 Compare And Set |
FSETP |
FP32 Compare And Set Predicate |
FSWZADD |
FP32 Swizzle Add |
MUFU |
FP32 Multi Function Operation |
HADD2 |
FP16 Add |
HADD2_32I |
FP16 Add |
HFMA2 |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HFMA2_32I |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
HMUL2 |
FP16 Multiply |
HMUL2_32I |
FP16 Multiply |
HSET2 |
FP16 Compare And Set |
HSETP2 |
FP16 Compare And Set Predicate |
DADD |
FP64 Add |
DFMA |
FP64 Fused Mutiply Add |
DMUL |
FP64 Multiply |
DSETP |
FP64 Compare And Set Predicate |
Integer Instructions |
|
BMSK |
Bitfield Mask |
BREV |
Bit Reverse |
FLO |
Find Leading One |
IABS |
Integer Absolute Value |
IADD |
Integer Addition |
IADD3 |
3-input Integer Addition |
IADD32I |
Integer Addition |
IDP |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IDP4A |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IMAD |
Integer Multiply And Add |
IMMA |
Integer Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
IMNMX |
Integer Minimum/Maximum |
IMUL |
Integer Multiply |
IMUL32I |
Integer Multiply |
ISCADD |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISCADD32I |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISETP |
Integer Compare And Set Predicate |
LEA |
LOAD Effective Address |
LOP |
Logic Operation |
LOP3 |
Logic Operation |
LOP32I |
Logic Operation |
POPC |
Population count |
SHF |
Funnel Shift |
SHL |
Shift Left |
SHR |
Shift Right |
VABSDIFF |
Absolute Difference |
VABSDIFF4 |
Absolute Difference |
Conversion Instructions |
|
F2F |
Floating Point To Floating Point Conversion |
F2I |
Floating Point To Integer Conversion |
I2F |
Integer To Floating Point Conversion |
I2I |
Integer To Integer Conversion |
I2IP |
Integer To Integer Conversion and Packing |
FRND |
Round To Integer |
Movement Instructions |
|
MOV |
Move |
MOV32I |
Move |
PRMT |
Permute Register Pair |
SEL |
Select Source with Predicate |
SGXT |
Sign Extend |
SHFL |
Warp Wide Register Shuffle |
Predicate Instructions |
|
PLOP3 |
Predicate Logic Operation |
PSETP |
Combine Predicates and Set Predicate |
P2R |
Move Predicate Register To Register |
R2P |
Move Register To Predicate Register |
Load/Store Instructions |
|
LD |
Load from generic Memory |
LDC |
Load Constant |
LDG |
Load from Global Memory |
LDL |
Load within Local Memory Window |
LDS |
Load within Shared Memory Window |
ST |
Store to Generic Memory |
STG |
Store to Global Memory |
STL |
Store to Local Memory |
STS |
Store to Shared Memory |
MATCH |
Match Register Values Across Thread Group |
QSPC |
Query Space |
ATOM |
Atomic Operation on Generic Memory |
ATOMS |
Atomic Operation on Shared Memory |
ATOMG |
Atomic Operation on Global Memory |
RED |
Reduction Operation on Generic Memory |
CCTL |
Cache Control |
CCTLL |
Cache Control |
ERRBAR |
Error Barrier |
MEMBAR |
Memory Barrier |
CCTLT |
Texture Cache Control |
Texture Instructions |
|
TEX |
Texture Fetch |
TLD |
Texture Load |
TLD4 |
Texture Load 4 |
TMML |
Texture MipMap Level |
TXD |
Texture Fetch With Derivatives |
TXQ |
Texture Query |
Surface Instructions |
|
SUATOM |
Atomic Op on Surface Memory |
SULD |
Surface Load |
SURED |
Reduction Op on Surface Memory |
SUST |
Surface Store |
Control Instructions |
|
BMOV |
Move Convergence Barrier State |
BPT |
BreakPoint/Trap |
BRA |
Relative Branch |
BREAK |
Break out of the Specified Convergence Barrier |
BRX |
Relative Branch Indirect |
BSSY |
Barrier Set Convergence Synchronization Point |
BSYNC |
Synchronize Threads on a Convergence Barrier |
CALL |
Call Function |
EXIT |
Exit Program |
JMP |
Absolute Jump |
JMX |
Absolute Jump Indirect |
KILL |
Kill Thread |
NANOSLEEP |
Suspend Execution |
RET |
Return From Subroutine |
RPCMOV |
PC Register Move |
RTT |
Return From Trap |
WARPSYNC |
Synchronize Threads in Warp |
YIELD |
Yield Control |
Miscellaneous Instructions |
|
B2R |
Move Barrier To Register |
BAR |
Barrier Synchronization |
CS2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
DEPBAR |
Dependency Barrier |
GETLMEMBASE |
Get Local Memory Base Address |
LEPC |
Load Effective PC |
NOP |
No Operation |
PMTRIG |
Performance Monitor Trigger |
R2B |
Move Register to Barrier |
S2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
SETCTAID |
Set CTA ID |
SETLMEMBASE |
Set Local Memory Base Address |
VOTE |
Vote Across SIMD Thread Group |
4.3. Turing Instruction Set
The Turing architecture (Compute Capability 7.5) have the following instruction set format:
(instruction) (destination) (source1), (source2) ...
Valid destination and source locations include:
RX for registers
URX for uniform registers
SRX for special system-controlled registers
PX for predicate registers
c[X][Y] for constant memory
Table 6 lists valid instructions for the Turing GPUs.
Opcode |
Description |
---|---|
Floating Point Instructions |
|
FADD |
FP32 Add |
FADD32I |
FP32 Add |
FCHK |
Floating-point Range Check |
FFMA32I |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FFMA |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FMNMX |
FP32 Minimum/Maximum |
FMUL |
FP32 Multiply |
FMUL32I |
FP32 Multiply |
FSEL |
Floating Point Select |
FSET |
FP32 Compare And Set |
FSETP |
FP32 Compare And Set Predicate |
FSWZADD |
FP32 Swizzle Add |
MUFU |
FP32 Multi Function Operation |
HADD2 |
FP16 Add |
HADD2_32I |
FP16 Add |
HFMA2 |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HFMA2_32I |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
HMUL2 |
FP16 Multiply |
HMUL2_32I |
FP16 Multiply |
HSET2 |
FP16 Compare And Set |
HSETP2 |
FP16 Compare And Set Predicate |
DADD |
FP64 Add |
DFMA |
FP64 Fused Mutiply Add |
DMUL |
FP64 Multiply |
DSETP |
FP64 Compare And Set Predicate |
Integer Instructions |
|
BMMA |
Bit Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
BMSK |
Bitfield Mask |
BREV |
Bit Reverse |
FLO |
Find Leading One |
IABS |
Integer Absolute Value |
IADD |
Integer Addition |
IADD3 |
3-input Integer Addition |
IADD32I |
Integer Addition |
IDP |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IDP4A |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IMAD |
Integer Multiply And Add |
IMMA |
Integer Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
IMNMX |
Integer Minimum/Maximum |
IMUL |
Integer Multiply |
IMUL32I |
Integer Multiply |
ISCADD |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISCADD32I |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISETP |
Integer Compare And Set Predicate |
LEA |
LOAD Effective Address |
LOP |
Logic Operation |
LOP3 |
Logic Operation |
LOP32I |
Logic Operation |
POPC |
Population count |
SHF |
Funnel Shift |
SHL |
Shift Left |
SHR |
Shift Right |
VABSDIFF |
Absolute Difference |
VABSDIFF4 |
Absolute Difference |
Conversion Instructions |
|
F2F |
Floating Point To Floating Point Conversion |
F2I |
Floating Point To Integer Conversion |
I2F |
Integer To Floating Point Conversion |
I2I |
Integer To Integer Conversion |
I2IP |
Integer To Integer Conversion and Packing |
FRND |
Round To Integer |
Movement Instructions |
|
MOV |
Move |
MOV32I |
Move |
MOVM |
Move Matrix with Transposition or Expansion |
PRMT |
Permute Register Pair |
SEL |
Select Source with Predicate |
SGXT |
Sign Extend |
SHFL |
Warp Wide Register Shuffle |
Predicate Instructions |
|
PLOP3 |
Predicate Logic Operation |
PSETP |
Combine Predicates and Set Predicate |
P2R |
Move Predicate Register To Register |
R2P |
Move Register To Predicate Register |
Load/Store Instructions |
|
LD |
Load from generic Memory |
LDC |
Load Constant |
LDG |
Load from Global Memory |
LDL |
Load within Local Memory Window |
LDS |
Load within Shared Memory Window |
LDSM |
Load Matrix from Shared Memory with Element Size Expansion |
ST |
Store to Generic Memory |
STG |
Store to Global Memory |
STL |
Store to Local Memory |
STS |
Store to Shared Memory |
MATCH |
Match Register Values Across Thread Group |
QSPC |
Query Space |
ATOM |
Atomic Operation on Generic Memory |
ATOMS |
Atomic Operation on Shared Memory |
ATOMG |
Atomic Operation on Global Memory |
RED |
Reduction Operation on Generic Memory |
CCTL |
Cache Control |
CCTLL |
Cache Control |
ERRBAR |
Error Barrier |
MEMBAR |
Memory Barrier |
CCTLT |
Texture Cache Control |
Uniform Datapath Instructions |
|
R2UR |
Move from Vector Register to a Uniform Register |
S2UR |
Move Special Register to Uniform Register |
UBMSK |
Uniform Bitfield Mask |
UBREV |
Uniform Bit Reverse |
UCLEA |
Load Effective Address for a Constant |
UFLO |
Uniform Find Leading One |
UIADD3 |
Uniform Integer Addition |
UIADD3.64 |
Uniform Integer Addition |
UIMAD |
Uniform Integer Multiplication |
UISETP |
Integer Compare and Set Uniform Predicate |
ULDC |
Load from Constant Memory into a Uniform Register |
ULEA |
Uniform Load Effective Address |
ULOP |
Logic Operation |
ULOP3 |
Logic Operation |
ULOP32I |
Logic Operation |
UMOV |
Uniform Move |
UP2UR |
Uniform Predicate to Uniform Register |
UPLOP3 |
Uniform Predicate Logic Operation |
UPOPC |
Uniform Population Count |
UPRMT |
Uniform Byte Permute |
UPSETP |
Uniform Predicate Logic Operation |
UR2UP |
Uniform Register to Uniform Predicate |
USEL |
Uniform Select |
USGXT |
Uniform Sign Extend |
USHF |
Uniform Funnel Shift |
USHL |
Uniform Left Shift |
USHR |
Uniform Right Shift |
VOTEU |
Voting across SIMD Thread Group with Results in Uniform Destination |
Texture Instructions |
|
TEX |
Texture Fetch |
TLD |
Texture Load |
TLD4 |
Texture Load 4 |
TMML |
Texture MipMap Level |
TXD |
Texture Fetch With Derivatives |
TXQ |
Texture Query |
Surface Instructions |
|
SUATOM |
Atomic Op on Surface Memory |
SULD |
Surface Load |
SURED |
Reduction Op on Surface Memory |
SUST |
Surface Store |
Control Instructions |
|
BMOV |
Move Convergence Barrier State |
BPT |
BreakPoint/Trap |
BRA |
Relative Branch |
BREAK |
Break out of the Specified Convergence Barrier |
BRX |
Relative Branch Indirect |
BRXU |
Relative Branch with Uniform Register Based Offset |
BSSY |
Barrier Set Convergence Synchronization Point |
BSYNC |
Synchronize Threads on a Convergence Barrier |
CALL |
Call Function |
EXIT |
Exit Program |
JMP |
Absolute Jump |
JMX |
Absolute Jump Indirect |
JMXU |
Absolute Jump with Uniform Register Based Offset |
KILL |
Kill Thread |
NANOSLEEP |
Suspend Execution |
RET |
Return From Subroutine |
RPCMOV |
PC Register Move |
RTT |
Return From Trap |
WARPSYNC |
Synchronize Threads in Warp |
YIELD |
Yield Control |
Miscellaneous Instructions |
|
B2R |
Move Barrier To Register |
BAR |
Barrier Synchronization |
CS2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
DEPBAR |
Dependency Barrier |
GETLMEMBASE |
Get Local Memory Base Address |
LEPC |
Load Effective PC |
NOP |
No Operation |
PMTRIG |
Performance Monitor Trigger |
R2B |
Move Register to Barrier |
S2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
SETCTAID |
Set CTA ID |
SETLMEMBASE |
Set Local Memory Base Address |
VOTE |
Vote Across SIMD Thread Group |
4.4. NVIDIA Ampere GPU and Ada Instruction Set
The NVIDIA Ampere GPU and Ada architectures (Compute Capability 8.0 and 8.6) have the following instruction set format:
(instruction) (destination) (source1), (source2) ...
Valid destination and source locations include:
RX for registers
URX for uniform registers
SRX for special system-controlled registers
PX for predicate registers
UPX for uniform predicate registers
c[X][Y] for constant memory
Table 7 lists valid instructions for the NVIDIA Ampere architecrture and Ada GPUs.
Opcode |
Description |
---|---|
Floating Point Instructions |
|
FADD |
FP32 Add |
FADD32I |
FP32 Add |
FCHK |
Floating-point Range Check |
FFMA32I |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FFMA |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FMNMX |
FP32 Minimum/Maximum |
FMUL |
FP32 Multiply |
FMUL32I |
FP32 Multiply |
FSEL |
Floating Point Select |
FSET |
FP32 Compare And Set |
FSETP |
FP32 Compare And Set Predicate |
FSWZADD |
FP32 Swizzle Add |
MUFU |
FP32 Multi Function Operation |
HADD2 |
FP16 Add |
HADD2_32I |
FP16 Add |
HFMA2 |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HFMA2_32I |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
HMNMX2 |
FP16 Minimum / Maximum |
HMUL2 |
FP16 Multiply |
HMUL2_32I |
FP16 Multiply |
HSET2 |
FP16 Compare And Set |
HSETP2 |
FP16 Compare And Set Predicate |
DADD |
FP64 Add |
DFMA |
FP64 Fused Mutiply Add |
DMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
DMUL |
FP64 Multiply |
DSETP |
FP64 Compare And Set Predicate |
Integer Instructions |
|
BMMA |
Bit Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
BMSK |
Bitfield Mask |
BREV |
Bit Reverse |
FLO |
Find Leading One |
IABS |
Integer Absolute Value |
IADD |
Integer Addition |
IADD3 |
3-input Integer Addition |
IADD32I |
Integer Addition |
IDP |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IDP4A |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IMAD |
Integer Multiply And Add |
IMMA |
Integer Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
IMNMX |
Integer Minimum/Maximum |
IMUL |
Integer Multiply |
IMUL32I |
Integer Multiply |
ISCADD |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISCADD32I |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISETP |
Integer Compare And Set Predicate |
LEA |
LOAD Effective Address |
LOP |
Logic Operation |
LOP3 |
Logic Operation |
LOP32I |
Logic Operation |
POPC |
Population count |
SHF |
Funnel Shift |
SHL |
Shift Left |
SHR |
Shift Right |
VABSDIFF |
Absolute Difference |
VABSDIFF4 |
Absolute Difference |
Conversion Instructions |
|
F2F |
Floating Point To Floating Point Conversion |
F2I |
Floating Point To Integer Conversion |
I2F |
Integer To Floating Point Conversion |
I2I |
Integer To Integer Conversion |
I2IP |
Integer To Integer Conversion and Packing |
I2FP |
Integer to FP32 Convert and Pack |
F2IP |
FP32 Down-Convert to Integer and Pack |
FRND |
Round To Integer |
Movement Instructions |
|
MOV |
Move |
MOV32I |
Move |
MOVM |
Move Matrix with Transposition or Expansion |
PRMT |
Permute Register Pair |
SEL |
Select Source with Predicate |
SGXT |
Sign Extend |
SHFL |
Warp Wide Register Shuffle |
Predicate Instructions |
|
PLOP3 |
Predicate Logic Operation |
PSETP |
Combine Predicates and Set Predicate |
P2R |
Move Predicate Register To Register |
R2P |
Move Register To Predicate Register |
Load/Store Instructions |
|
LD |
Load from generic Memory |
LDC |
Load Constant |
LDG |
Load from Global Memory |
LDGDEPBAR |
Global Load Dependency Barrier |
LDGSTS |
Asynchronous Global to Shared Memcopy |
LDL |
Load within Local Memory Window |
LDS |
Load within Shared Memory Window |
LDSM |
Load Matrix from Shared Memory with Element Size Expansion |
ST |
Store to Generic Memory |
STG |
Store to Global Memory |
STL |
Store to Local Memory |
STS |
Store to Shared Memory |
MATCH |
Match Register Values Across Thread Group |
QSPC |
Query Space |
ATOM |
Atomic Operation on Generic Memory |
ATOMS |
Atomic Operation on Shared Memory |
ATOMG |
Atomic Operation on Global Memory |
RED |
Reduction Operation on Generic Memory |
CCTL |
Cache Control |
CCTLL |
Cache Control |
ERRBAR |
Error Barrier |
MEMBAR |
Memory Barrier |
CCTLT |
Texture Cache Control |
Uniform Datapath Instructions |
|
R2UR |
Move from Vector Register to a Uniform Register |
REDUX |
Reduction of a Vector Register into a Uniform Register |
S2UR |
Move Special Register to Uniform Register |
UBMSK |
Uniform Bitfield Mask |
UBREV |
Uniform Bit Reverse |
UCLEA |
Load Effective Address for a Constant |
UF2FP |
Uniform FP32 Down-convert and Pack |
UFLO |
Uniform Find Leading One |
UIADD3 |
Uniform Integer Addition |
UIADD3.64 |
Uniform Integer Addition |
UIMAD |
Uniform Integer Multiplication |
UISETP |
Integer Compare and Set Uniform Predicate |
ULDC |
Load from Constant Memory into a Uniform Register |
ULEA |
Uniform Load Effective Address |
ULOP |
Logic Operation |
ULOP3 |
Logic Operation |
ULOP32I |
Logic Operation |
UMOV |
Uniform Move |
UP2UR |
Uniform Predicate to Uniform Register |
UPLOP3 |
Uniform Predicate Logic Operation |
UPOPC |
Uniform Population Count |
UPRMT |
Uniform Byte Permute |
UPSETP |
Uniform Predicate Logic Operation |
UR2UP |
Uniform Register to Uniform Predicate |
USEL |
Uniform Select |
USGXT |
Uniform Sign Extend |
USHF |
Uniform Funnel Shift |
USHL |
Uniform Left Shift |
USHR |
Uniform Right Shift |
VOTEU |
Voting across SIMD Thread Group with Results in Uniform Destination |
Texture Instructions |
|
TEX |
Texture Fetch |
TLD |
Texture Load |
TLD4 |
Texture Load 4 |
TMML |
Texture MipMap Level |
TXD |
Texture Fetch With Derivatives |
TXQ |
Texture Query |
Surface Instructions |
|
SUATOM |
Atomic Op on Surface Memory |
SULD |
Surface Load |
SURED |
Reduction Op on Surface Memory |
SUST |
Surface Store |
Control Instructions |
|
BMOV |
Move Convergence Barrier State |
BPT |
BreakPoint/Trap |
BRA |
Relative Branch |
BREAK |
Break out of the Specified Convergence Barrier |
BRX |
Relative Branch Indirect |
BRXU |
Relative Branch with Uniform Register Based Offset |
BSSY |
Barrier Set Convergence Synchronization Point |
BSYNC |
Synchronize Threads on a Convergence Barrier |
CALL |
Call Function |
EXIT |
Exit Program |
JMP |
Absolute Jump |
JMX |
Absolute Jump Indirect |
JMXU |
Absolute Jump with Uniform Register Based Offset |
KILL |
Kill Thread |
NANOSLEEP |
Suspend Execution |
RET |
Return From Subroutine |
RPCMOV |
PC Register Move |
WARPSYNC |
Synchronize Threads in Warp |
YIELD |
Yield Control |
Miscellaneous Instructions |
|
B2R |
Move Barrier To Register |
BAR |
Barrier Synchronization |
CS2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
DEPBAR |
Dependency Barrier |
GETLMEMBASE |
Get Local Memory Base Address |
LEPC |
Load Effective PC |
NOP |
No Operation |
PMTRIG |
Performance Monitor Trigger |
S2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
SETCTAID |
Set CTA ID |
SETLMEMBASE |
Set Local Memory Base Address |
VOTE |
Vote Across SIMD Thread Group |
4.5. Hopper Instruction Set
The Hopper architecture (Compute Capability 9.0) has the following instruction set format:
(instruction) (destination) (source1), (source2) ...
Valid destination and source locations include:
RX for registers
URX for uniform registers
SRX for special system-controlled registers
PX for predicate registers
UPX for uniform predicate registers
c[X][Y] for constant memory
desc[URX][RY] for memory descriptors
Table 8 lists valid instructions for the Hopper GPUs.
Opcode |
Description |
---|---|
Floating Point Instructions |
|
FADD |
FP32 Add |
FADD32I |
FP32 Add |
FCHK |
Floating-point Range Check |
FFMA32I |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FFMA |
FP32 Fused Multiply and Add |
FMNMX |
FP32 Minimum/Maximum |
FMUL |
FP32 Multiply |
FMUL32I |
FP32 Multiply |
FSEL |
Floating Point Select |
FSET |
FP32 Compare And Set |
FSETP |
FP32 Compare And Set Predicate |
FSWZADD |
FP32 Swizzle Add |
MUFU |
FP32 Multi Function Operation |
HADD2 |
FP16 Add |
HADD2_32I |
FP16 Add |
HFMA2 |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HFMA2_32I |
FP16 Fused Mutiply Add |
HMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
HMNMX2 |
FP16 Minimum / Maximum |
HMUL2 |
FP16 Multiply |
HMUL2_32I |
FP16 Multiply |
HSET2 |
FP16 Compare And Set |
HSETP2 |
FP16 Compare And Set Predicate |
DADD |
FP64 Add |
DFMA |
FP64 Fused Mutiply Add |
DMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
DMUL |
FP64 Multiply |
DSETP |
FP64 Compare And Set Predicate |
Integer Instructions |
|
BMMA |
Bit Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
BMSK |
Bitfield Mask |
BREV |
Bit Reverse |
FLO |
Find Leading One |
IABS |
Integer Absolute Value |
IADD |
Integer Addition |
IADD3 |
3-input Integer Addition |
IADD32I |
Integer Addition |
IDP |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IDP4A |
Integer Dot Product and Accumulate |
IMAD |
Integer Multiply And Add |
IMMA |
Integer Matrix Multiply and Accumulate |
IMNMX |
Integer Minimum/Maximum |
IMUL |
Integer Multiply |
IMUL32I |
Integer Multiply |
ISCADD |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISCADD32I |
Scaled Integer Addition |
ISETP |
Integer Compare And Set Predicate |
LEA |
LOAD Effective Address |
LOP |
Logic Operation |
LOP3 |
Logic Operation |
LOP32I |
Logic Operation |
POPC |
Population count |
SHF |
Funnel Shift |
SHL |
Shift Left |
SHR |
Shift Right |
VABSDIFF |
Absolute Difference |
VABSDIFF4 |
Absolute Difference |
VHMNMX |
SIMD FP16 3-Input Minimum / Maximum |
VIADD |
SIMD Integer Addition |
VIADDMNMX |
SIMD Integer Addition and Fused Min/Max Comparison |
VIMNMX |
SIMD Integer Minimum / Maximum |
VIMNMX3 |
SIMD Integer 3-Input Minimum / Maximum |
Conversion Instructions |
|
F2F |
Floating Point To Floating Point Conversion |
F2I |
Floating Point To Integer Conversion |
I2F |
Integer To Floating Point Conversion |
I2I |
Integer To Integer Conversion |
I2IP |
Integer To Integer Conversion and Packing |
I2FP |
Integer to FP32 Convert and Pack |
F2IP |
FP32 Down-Convert to Integer and Pack |
FRND |
Round To Integer |
Movement Instructions |
|
MOV |
Move |
MOV32I |
Move |
MOVM |
Move Matrix with Transposition or Expansion |
PRMT |
Permute Register Pair |
SEL |
Select Source with Predicate |
SGXT |
Sign Extend |
SHFL |
Warp Wide Register Shuffle |
Predicate Instructions |
|
PLOP3 |
Predicate Logic Operation |
PSETP |
Combine Predicates and Set Predicate |
P2R |
Move Predicate Register To Register |
R2P |
Move Register To Predicate Register |
Load/Store Instructions |
|
FENCE |
Memory Visibility Guarantee for Shared or Global Memory |
LD |
Load from generic Memory |
LDC |
Load Constant |
LDG |
Load from Global Memory |
LDGDEPBAR |
Global Load Dependency Barrier |
LDGMC |
Reducing Load |
LDGSTS |
Asynchronous Global to Shared Memcopy |
LDL |
Load within Local Memory Window |
LDS |
Load within Shared Memory Window |
LDSM |
Load Matrix from Shared Memory with Element Size Expansion |
STSM |
Store Matrix to Shared Memory |
ST |
Store to Generic Memory |
STG |
Store to Global Memory |
STL |
Store to Local Memory |
STS |
Store to Shared Memory |
STAS |
Asynchronous Store to Distributed Shared Memory With Explicit Synchronization |
SYNCS |
Sync Unit |
MATCH |
Match Register Values Across Thread Group |
QSPC |
Query Space |
ATOM |
Atomic Operation on Generic Memory |
ATOMS |
Atomic Operation on Shared Memory |
ATOMG |
Atomic Operation on Global Memory |
REDAS |
Asynchronous Reduction on Distributed Shared Memory With Explicit Synchronization |
REDG |
Reduction Operation on Generic Memory |
CCTL |
Cache Control |
CCTLL |
Cache Control |
ERRBAR |
Error Barrier |
MEMBAR |
Memory Barrier |
CCTLT |
Texture Cache Control |
Uniform Datapath Instructions |
|
R2UR |
Move from Vector Register to a Uniform Register |
REDUX |
Reduction of a Vector Register into a Uniform Register |
S2UR |
Move Special Register to Uniform Register |
UBMSK |
Uniform Bitfield Mask |
UBREV |
Uniform Bit Reverse |
UCGABAR_ARV |
CGA Barrier Synchronization |
UCGABAR_WAIT |
CGA Barrier Synchronization |
UCLEA |
Load Effective Address for a Constant |
UF2FP |
Uniform FP32 Down-convert and Pack |
UFLO |
Uniform Find Leading One |
UIADD3 |
Uniform Integer Addition |
UIADD3.64 |
Uniform Integer Addition |
UIMAD |
Uniform Integer Multiplication |
UISETP |
Integer Compare and Set Uniform Predicate |
ULDC |
Load from Constant Memory into a Uniform Register |
ULEA |
Uniform Load Effective Address |
ULEPC |
Uniform Load Effective PC |
ULOP |
Logic Operation |
ULOP3 |
Logic Operation |
ULOP32I |
Logic Operation |
UMOV |
Uniform Move |
UP2UR |
Uniform Predicate to Uniform Register |
UPLOP3 |
Uniform Predicate Logic Operation |
UPOPC |
Uniform Population Count |
UPRMT |
Uniform Byte Permute |
UPSETP |
Uniform Predicate Logic Operation |
UR2UP |
Uniform Register to Uniform Predicate |
USEL |
Uniform Select |
USETMAXREG |
Release, Deallocate and Allocate Registers |
USGXT |
Uniform Sign Extend |
USHF |
Uniform Funnel Shift |
USHL |
Uniform Left Shift |
USHR |
Uniform Right Shift |
VOTEU |
Voting across SIMD Thread Group with Results in Uniform Destination |
Warpgroup Instructions |
|
BGMMA |
Bit Matrix Multiply and Accumulate Across Warps |
HGMMA |
Matrix Multiply and Accumulate Across a Warpgroup |
IGMMA |
Integer Matrix Multiply and Accumulate Across a Warpgroup |
QGMMA |
FP8 Matrix Multiply and Accumulate Across a Warpgroup |
WARPGROUP |
Warpgroup Synchronization |
WARPGROUPSET |
Set Warpgroup Counters |
Tensor Memory Access Instructions |
|
UBLKCP |
Bulk Data Copy |
UBLKPF |
Bulk Data Prefetch |
UBLKRED |
Bulk Data Copy from Shared Memory with Reduction |
UTMACCTL |
TMA Cache Control |
UTMACMDFLUSH |
TMA Command Flush |
UTMALDG |
Tensor Load from Global to Shared Memory |
UTMAPF |
Tensor Prefetch |
UTMAREDG |
Tensor Store from Shared to Global Memory with Reduction |
UTMASTG |
Tensor Store from Shared to Global Memory |
Texture Instructions |
|
TEX |
Texture Fetch |
TLD |
Texture Load |
TLD4 |
Texture Load 4 |
TMML |
Texture MipMap Level |
TXD |
Texture Fetch With Derivatives |
TXQ |
Texture Query |
Surface Instructions |
|
SUATOM |
Atomic Op on Surface Memory |
SULD |
Surface Load |
SURED |
Reduction Op on Surface Memory |
SUST |
Surface Store |
Control Instructions |
|
ACQBULK |
Wait for Bulk Release Status Warp State |
BMOV |
Move Convergence Barrier State |
BPT |
BreakPoint/Trap |
BRA |
Relative Branch |
BREAK |
Break out of the Specified Convergence Barrier |
BRX |
Relative Branch Indirect |
BRXU |
Relative Branch with Uniform Register Based Offset |
BSSY |
Barrier Set Convergence Synchronization Point |
BSYNC |
Synchronize Threads on a Convergence Barrier |
CALL |
Call Function |
CGAERRBAR |
CGA Error Barrier |
ELECT |
Elect a Leader Thread |
ENDCOLLECTIVE |
Reset the MCOLLECTIVE mask |
EXIT |
Exit Program |
JMP |
Absolute Jump |
JMX |
Absolute Jump Indirect |
JMXU |
Absolute Jump with Uniform Register Based Offset |
KILL |
Kill Thread |
NANOSLEEP |
Suspend Execution |
PREEXIT |
Dependent Task Launch Hint |
RET |
Return From Subroutine |
RPCMOV |
PC Register Move |
WARPSYNC |
Synchronize Threads in Warp |
YIELD |
Yield Control |
Miscellaneous Instructions |
|
B2R |
Move Barrier To Register |
BAR |
Barrier Synchronization |
CS2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
DEPBAR |
Dependency Barrier |
GETLMEMBASE |
Get Local Memory Base Address |
LEPC |
Load Effective PC |
NOP |
No Operation |
PMTRIG |
Performance Monitor Trigger |
S2R |
Move Special Register to Register |
SETCTAID |
Set CTA ID |
SETLMEMBASE |
Set Local Memory Base Address |
VOTE |
Vote Across SIMT Thread Group |
5. cu++filt
cu++filt decodes (demangles) low-level identifiers that have been mangled by CUDA C++ into user readable names. For every input alphanumeric word, the output of cu++filt
is either the demangled name if the name decodes to a CUDA C++ name, or the original name itself.
5.1. Usage
cu++filt
accepts one or more alphanumeric words (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, dollars, or periods) and attepts to decipher them. The basic usage is as following:
cu++filt [options] <symbol(s)>
To demangle an entire file, like a binary, pipe the contents of the file to cu++filt, such as in the following command:
nm <input file> | cu++filt
To demangle function names without printing their parameter types, use the following command :
cu++filt -p <symbol(s)>
To skip a leading underscore from mangled symbols, use the following command:
cu++filt -_ <symbol(s)>
Here’s a sample output of cu++filt
:
$ cu++filt _Z1fIiEbl
bool f<int>(long)
As shown in the output, the symbol _Z1fIiEbl
was successfully demangled.
To strip all types in the function signature and parameters, use the -p
option:
$ cu++filt -p _Z1fIiEbl
f<int>
To skip a leading underscore from a mangled symbol, use the -_
option:
$ cu++filt -_ __Z1fIiEbl
bool f<int>(long)
To demangle an entire file, pipe the contents of the file to cu++filt:
$ nm test.sm_70.cubin | cu++filt
0000000000000000 t hello(char *)
0000000000000070 t hello(char *)::display()
0000000000000000 T hello(int *)
Symbols that cannot be demangled are printed back to stdout as is:
$ cu++filt _ZD2
_ZD2
Multiple symbols can be demangled from the command line:
$ cu++filt _ZN6Scope15Func1Enez _Z3fooIiPFYneEiEvv _ZD2
Scope1::Func1(__int128, long double, ...)
void foo<int, __int128 (*)(long double), int>()
_ZD2
5.2. Command-line Options
Table 9 contains supported command-line options of cu++filt
, along with a description of what each option does.
Option |
Description |
---|---|
|
Strip underscore. On some systems, the CUDA compiler puts an underscore in front of every name. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether cu++filt removes the underscore by default is target dependent. |
|
When demangling the name of a function, do not display the types of the function’s parameters. |
|
Print a summary of the options to cu++filt and exit. |
|
Print the version information of this tool. |
5.3. Library Availability
cu++filt
is also available as a static library (libcufilt) that can be linked against an existing project. The following interface describes it’s usage:
char* __cu_demangle(const char *id, char *output_buffer, size_t *length, int *status)
This interface can be found in the file “nv_decode.h” located in the SDK.
Input Parameters
id Input mangled string.
output_buffer Pointer to where the demangled buffer will be stored. This memory must be allocated with malloc. If output-buffer is NULL, memory will be malloc’d to store the demangled name and returned through the function return value. If the output-buffer is too small, it is expanded using realloc.
length It is necessary to provide the size of the output buffer if the user is providing pre-allocated memory. This is needed by the demangler in case the size needs to be reallocated. If the length is non-null, the length of the demangled buffer is placed in length.
status *status is set to one of the following values:
0 - The demangling operation succeeded
-1 - A memory allocation failure occurred
-2 - Not a valid mangled id
-3 - An input validation failure has occurred (one or more arguments are invalid)
Return Value
A pointer to the start of the NUL-terminated demangled name, or NULL if the demangling fails. The caller is responsible for deallocating this memory using free.
Note: This function is thread-safe.
Example Usage
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "nv_decode.h"
int main()
{
int status;
const char *real_mangled_name="_ZN8clstmp01I5cls01E13clstmp01_mf01Ev";
const char *fake_mangled_name="B@d_iDentiFier";
char* realname = __cu_demangle(fake_mangled_name, 0, 0, &status);
printf("fake_mangled_name:\t result => %s\t status => %d\n", realname, status);
free(realname);
size_t size = sizeof(char)*1000;
realname = (char*)malloc(size);
__cu_demangle(real_mangled_name, realname, &size, &status);
printf("real_mangled_name:\t result => %s\t status => %d\n", realname, status);
free(realname);
return 0;
}
This prints:
fake_mangled_name: result => (null) status => -2
real_mangled_name: result => clstmp01<cls01>::clstmp01_mf01() status => 0
6. nvprune
nvprune prunes host object files and libraries to only contain device code for the specified targets.
6.1. Usage
nvprune
accepts a single input file each time it’s run, emitting a new output file. The basic usage is as following:
nvprune [options] -o <outfile> <infile>
The input file must be either a relocatable host object or static library (not a host executable), and the output file will be the same format.
Either the –arch or –generate-code option must be used to specify the target(s) to keep. All other device code is discarded from the file. The targets can be either a sm_NN arch (cubin) or compute_NN arch (ptx).
For example, the following will prune libcublas_static.a to only contain sm_70 cubin rather than all the targets which normally exist:
nvprune -arch sm_70 libcublas_static.a -o libcublas_static70.a
Note that this means that libcublas_static70.a will not run on any other architecture, so should only be used when you are building for a single architecture.
6.2. Command-line Options
Table 10 contains supported command-line options of nvprune
, along with a description of what each option does. Each option has a long name and a short name, which can be used interchangeably.
Option (long) |
Option (short) |
Description |
---|---|---|
|
|
Specify the name of the NVIDIA GPU architecture which will remain in the object or library. |
|
|
This option is same format as nvcc –generate-code option, and provides a way to specify multiple architectures which should remain in the object or library. Only the ‘code’ values are used as targets to match. Allowed keywords for this option: ‘arch’,’code’. |
|
|
Don’t keep any relocatable ELF. |
|
|
Specify name and location of the output file. |
|
|
Print this help information on this tool. |
|
|
Include command line options from specified file. |
|
|
Print version information on this tool. |
7. Notices
7.1. Notice
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