nvFatbin

The User guide to nvFatbin library.

1. Introduction

The Fatbin Creator APIs are a set of APIs which can be used at runtime to combine multiple CUDA objects into one CUDA fat binary (fatbin).

The APIs accept inputs in multiple formats, either device cubins, PTX, or LTO-IR. The output is a fatbin that can be loaded by cuModuleLoadData of the CUDA Driver API.

The functionality in this library is similar to the fatbinary offline tool in the CUDA toolkit, with the following advantages:

Support for runtime fatbin creation.
The clients get fine grain control and can specify separate options for each fatbinary.
Supports direct input from memory, rather than requiring inputs be written to files.

2. Getting Started

2.1. System Requirements

The Fatbin Creator library requires no special system configuration. It does not require a GPU.

2.2. Installation

The Fatbin Creator library is part of the CUDA Toolkit release and the components are organized as follows in the CUDA toolkit installation directory:

On Windows:
- include\nvFatbin.h
- lib\x64\nvFatbin.dll
- lib\x64\nvFatbin_static.lib
- doc\pdf\nvFatbin_User_Guide.pdf
On Linux:
- include/nvFatbin.h
- lib64/libnvfatbin.so
- lib64/libnvfatbin_static.a
- doc/pdf/nvFatbin_User_Guide.pdf

3. User Interface

This chapter presents the Fatbin Creator APIs. Basic usage of the API is explained in Basic Usage.

3.1. Error codes

Enumerations

nvFatbinResult: The enumerated type nvFatbinResult defines API call result codes.

Functions

const char * nvFatbinGetErrorString(nvFatbinResult result): nvFatbinGetErrorString returns an error description string for each error code.

3.1.1. Enumerations

enum nvFatbinResult

The enumerated type nvFatbinResult defines API call result codes.

nvFatbin APIs return nvFatbinResult codes to indicate the result.

Values:

enumerator NVFATBIN_SUCCESS

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_INTERNAL

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_ELF_ARCH_MISMATCH

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_ELF_SIZE_MISMATCH

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_MISSING_PTX_VERSION

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_NULL_POINTER

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSION_FAILED

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSED_SIZE_EXCEEDED

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_UNRECOGNIZED_OPTION

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_INVALID_ARCH

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_INVALID_NVVM

enumerator NVFATBIN_ERROR_EMPTY_INPUT

3.1.2. Functions

const char *nvFatbinGetErrorString(nvFatbinResult result)

nvFatbinGetErrorString returns an error description string for each error code.

Parameters

result – [in] error code

Returns

nullptr, if result is NVFATBIN_SUCCESS
a string, if result is not NVFATBIN_SUCCESS

3.2. Fatbinary Creation

Functions

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinAddCubin(nvFatbinHandle handle, const void *code, size_t size, const char *arch, const char *identifier): nvFatbinAddCubin adds a CUDA binary to the fatbinary.
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinAddLTOIR(nvFatbinHandle handle, const void *code, size_t size, const char *arch, const char *identifier, const char *optionsCmdLine): nvFatbinAddLTOIR adds LTOIR to the fatbinary.
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinAddPTX(nvFatbinHandle handle, const char *code, size_t size, const char *arch, const char *identifier, const char *optionsCmdLine): nvFatbinAddPtx adds PTX to the fatbinary.
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinCreate(nvFatbinHandle *handle_indirect, const char **options, size_t optionsCount): nvFatbinCreate creates a new handle
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinDestroy(nvFatbinHandle *handle_indirect): nvFatbinDestroy destroys the handle.
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinGet(nvFatbinHandle handle, void *buffer): nvFatbinGet returns the completed fatbinary.
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinSize(nvFatbinHandle handle, size_t *size): nvFatbinSize returns the fatbinary's size.
nvFatbinResult nvFatbinVersion(unsigned int *major, unsigned int *minor): nvFatbinVersion returns the current version of nvFatbin

Typedefs

nvFatbinHandle: nvFatbinHandle is the unit of fatbin creation, and an opaque handle for a program.

3.2.1. Functions

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinAddCubin(nvFatbinHandle handle, const void *code, size_t size, const char *arch, const char *identifier)

nvFatbinAddCubin adds a CUDA binary to the fatbinary.

User is responsible for making sure all strings are well-formed.

Parameters

handle – [in] nvFatbin handle.
code – [in] The cubin.
size – [in] The size of the cubin.
arch – [in] The architecture that this cubin is for.
identifier – [in] Name of the cubin, useful when extracting the fatbin with tools like cuobjdump.

Returns

NVFATBIN_SUCCESS
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INVALID_ARCH
NVFATBIN_ERROR_ELF_ARCH_MISMATCH
NVFATBIN_ERROR_ELF_SIZE_MISMATCH
NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSION_FAILED,
NVFATBIN_ERROR_UNRECOGNIZED_OPTION
NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSED_SIZE_EXCEEDED
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INTERNAL

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinAddLTOIR(nvFatbinHandle handle, const void *code, size_t size, const char *arch, const char *identifier, const char *optionsCmdLine)

nvFatbinAddLTOIR adds LTOIR to the fatbinary.

User is responsible for making sure all strings are well-formed.

Parameters

handle – [in] nvFatbin handle.
code – [in] The LTOIR code.
size – [in] The size of the LTOIR code.
arch – [in] The architecture that this LTOIR is for.
identifier – [in] Name of the LTOIR, useful when extracting the fatbin with tools like cuobjdump.
optionsCmdLine – [in] Options used during JIT compilation.

Returns

NVFATBIN_SUCCESS
NVFATBIN_ERROR_NULL_POINTER
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INVALID_ARCH
NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSION_FAILED,
NVFATBIN_ERROR_UNRECOGNIZED_OPTION
NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSED_SIZE_EXCEEDED
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INTERNAL

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinAddPTX(nvFatbinHandle handle, const char *code, size_t size, const char *arch, const char *identifier, const char *optionsCmdLine)

nvFatbinAddPtx adds PTX to the fatbinary.

User is responsible for making sure all string are well-formed. The size should be inclusive of the terminating null character (‘\0’). If the final character is not ‘\0’, one will be added automatically, but in doing so, the code will be copied if it hasn’t already been copied.

Parameters

handle – [in] nvFatbin handle.
code – [in] The PTX code.
size – [in] The size of the PTX code.
arch – [in] The architecture that this PTX is for.
identifier – [in] Name of the PTX, useful when extracting the fatbin with tools like cuobjdump.
optionsCmdLine – [in] Options used during JIT compilation.

Returns

NVFATBIN_SUCCESS
NVFATBIN_ERROR_NULL_POINTER
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INVALID_ARCH
NVFATBIN_ERROR_MISSING_PTX_VERSION
NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSION_FAILED,
NVFATBIN_ERROR_UNRECOGNIZED_OPTION
NVFATBIN_ERROR_COMPRESSED_SIZE_EXCEEDED
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INTERNAL

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinCreate(nvFatbinHandle *handle_indirect, const char **options, size_t optionsCount)

nvFatbinCreate creates a new handle

Parameters

handle_indirect – [out] Address of nvFatbin handle
options – [in] An array of strings, each containing a single option.
optionsCount – [in] Number of options.

Returns

NVFATBIN_SUCCESS
NVFATBIN_ERROR_NULL_POINTER
NVFATBIN_ERROR_UNRECOGNIZED_OPTION
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INTERNAL

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinDestroy(nvFatbinHandle *handle_indirect)

nvFatbinDestroy destroys the handle.

Use of any other pointers to the handle after calling this will result in undefined behavior. The passed in handle will be set to nullptr.

Parameters

handle_indirect – [in] Pointer to the handle.

Returns

NVFATBIN_SUCCESS
NVFATBIN_ERROR_NULL_POINTER
NVFATBIN_ERROR_INTERNAL

nvFatbinResult nvFatbinGet(nvFatbinHandle handle, void *buffer)

nvFatbinGet returns the completed fatbinary.

User is responsible for making sure the buffer is appropriately sized for the fatbinary. You must call nvFatbinSize before using this, otherwise, it will return an error.

3.2.2. Typedefs

typedef struct _nvFatbinHandle *nvFatbinHandle

nvFatbinHandle is the unit of fatbin creation, and an opaque handle for a program.

To create a fatbin, an instance of nvFatbinHandle must be created first with nvFatbinCreate().

3.3. Supported Options

nvFatbin supports the options below.

Option names are prefixed with a single dash (-). Options that take a value have an assignment operator (=) followed by the option value, with no spaces, e.g. "-host=windows".

The supported options are:

-32 Make entries 32 bit.
-64 Make entries 64 bit.
-c Make relocatable fatbin.
-compress=<bool> Enable (true) / disable (false) compression (default: true).
-compress-all Compress everything in the fatbin, even if it’s small.
-cuda Specify CUDA (rather than OpenCL).
-g Generate debug information.
-host=<name> Specify host operating system. Valid options are “linux”, “windows”, and “mac” (deprecated).
-opencl Specify OpenCL (rather than CUDA).

4. Basic Usage

This section of the document uses a simple example to explain how to use the Fatbin Creator APIs to link a program. For brevity and readability, error checks on the API return values are not shown.

This example assumes we want to create a fatbin with a CUBIN for sm_52, PTX for sm_61, and LTOIR for sm_70. We can create an instance of the fatbin creator and obtain an api handle to it as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Fatbin Creator creation and initialization of a program

nvFatbinHandle handle;
nvFatbinCreate(&handle, nullptr, 0);

Assume that we already have three inputs stored in std::vector ‘s (CUBIN, PTX, and LTOIR), which could be from code created with nvrtc and stored into vectors. (They do not have to be in vectors, this merely illustrates that both the data itself and its size are needed.) We can add the inputs as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Inputs to the fatbin creator

nvFatbinAddCubin(handle, cubin.data(), cubin.size(), "52", nullptr);
nvFatbinAddPTX(handle, ptx.data(), ptx.size(), "61", nullptr, nullptr);
nvFatbinAddLTOIR(handle, ltoir.data(), ltoir.size(), "70", nullptr, nullptr);

The fatbin can now be obtained. To obtain this we first allocate memory for it. And to allocate memory, we need to query the size of the fatbin which is done as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Query size of the created fatbin

nvFatbinSize(linker, &fatbinSize);

The fatbin can now be queried as shown in Figure 4. This fatbin can then be executed on the GPU by passing this to the CUDA Driver APIs.

Figure 4. Query the created fatbin

void* fatbin = malloc(fatbinSize);
nvFatbinGet(handle, fatbin);

When the fatbin creator is not needed anymore, it can be destroyed as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Destroy the fatbin creator

nvFatbinDestroy(&handle);

5. Compatibility

The nvFatbin library is compatible across releases. The library version itself must be >= the maximum version of the inputs.

For example, you can create a fatbin from a cubin created with 12.0 and one with 12.4 if your nvFatbin library is version 12.x where x >= 4. On the flip side, you cannot use 12.0 to create fatbins from 12.4 inputs.

6. Example: Runtime fatbin creation

This section demonstrates runtime fatbin creation. There are two cubins. The cubins are generated online using NVRTC (see online.cpp).

These two units are then passed to nvFatbin* API functions, which put the cubins into a fatbin.

Note that this example requires a compatible GPU with drivers and nvrtc to work, even though the library doesn’t require either.

6.1. Code (offline.cu)

__device__  float compute(float a, float x, float y) {
  return a * x + y;
}

6.2. Code (online.cpp)

#include <nvrtc.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <nvFatbin.h>
#include <nvrtc.h>
#include <iostream>

#define NUM_THREADS 128
#define NUM_BLOCKS 32

#define NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(x)                                        \
do {                                                              \
   nvrtcResult result = x;                                        \
   if (result != NVRTC_SUCCESS) {                                 \
      std::cerr << "\nerror: " #x " failed with error "           \
               << nvrtcGetErrorString(result) << '\n';            \
      exit(1);                                                    \
   }                                                              \
} while(0)

#define CUDA_SAFE_CALL(x)                                         \
do {                                                              \
   CUresult result = x;                                           \
   if (result != CUDA_SUCCESS) {                                  \
      const char *msg;                                            \
      cuGetErrorName(result, &msg);                               \
      std::cerr << "\nerror: " #x " failed with error "           \
               << msg << '\n';                                    \
      exit(1);                                                    \
   }                                                              \
} while(0)

#define NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(x)                            \
do                                                       \
{                                                        \
   nvFatbinResult result = x;                            \
   if (result != NVFATBIN_SUCCESS)                       \
   {                                                     \
      std::cerr << "\nerror: " #x " failed with error "  \
               << nvFatbinGetErrorString(result) << '\n';\
      exit(1);                                           \
   }                                                     \
} while (0)

const char *fatbin_saxpy = "                                  \n\
__device__  float compute(float a, float x, float y) {        \n\
return a * x + y;                                             \n\
}                                                             \n\
                                                              \n\
extern \"C\" __global__                                       \n\
void saxpy(float a, float *x, float *y, float *out, size_t n) \n\
{                                                             \n\
size_t tid = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;           \n\
if (tid < n) {                                                \n\
   out[tid] = compute(a, x[tid], y[tid]);                     \n\
}                                                             \n\
}                                                             \n";

size_t process(const void* input, const char* input_name, void** output, const char* arch)
{
// Create an instance of nvrtcProgram with the code string.
nvrtcProgram prog;
NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(
nvrtcCreateProgram(&prog,         // prog
      (const char*) input,                       // buffer
      input_name,                  // name
      0,                           // numHeaders
      NULL,                        // headers
      NULL));                      // includeNames

// specify that LTO IR should be generated for LTO operation
const char *opts[1];
opts[0] = arch;
nvrtcResult compileResult = nvrtcCompileProgram(prog,  // prog
               1,     // numOptions
               opts); // options
// Obtain compilation log from the program.
size_t logSize;
NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(nvrtcGetProgramLogSize(prog, &logSize));
char *log = new char[logSize];
NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(nvrtcGetProgramLog(prog, log));
std::cout << log << '\n';
delete[] log;
if (compileResult != NVRTC_SUCCESS) {
exit(1);
}
// Obtain generated CUBIN from the program.
size_t CUBINSize;
NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(nvrtcGetCUBINSize(prog, &CUBINSize));
char *CUBIN = new char[CUBINSize];
NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(nvrtcGetCUBIN(prog, CUBIN));
// Destroy the program.
NVRTC_SAFE_CALL(nvrtcDestroyProgram(&prog));
*output = (void*) CUBIN;
return CUBINSize;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
void* known = NULL;
size_t known_size = process(fatbin_saxpy, "fatbin_saxpy.cu", &known, "-arch=sm_52");



CUdevice cuDevice;
CUcontext context;
CUmodule module;
CUfunction kernel;
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuInit(0));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuDeviceGet(&cuDevice, 0));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuCtxCreate(&context, 0, cuDevice));

// Dynamically determine the arch to make one of the entries of the fatbin with
int major = 0;
int minor = 0;
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuDeviceGetAttribute(&major,
                  CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY_MAJOR, cuDevice));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuDeviceGetAttribute(&minor,
                  CU_DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPUTE_CAPABILITY_MINOR, cuDevice));
int arch = major*10 + minor;
char smbuf[16];
sprintf(smbuf, "-arch=sm_%d", arch);

void* dynamic = NULL;
size_t dynamic_size = process(fatbin_saxpy, "fatbin_saxpy.cu", &dynamic, smbuf);
sprintf(smbuf, "%d", arch);

// Load the dynamic CUBIN and the statically known arch CUBIN
// and put them in a fatbin together.
nvFatbinHandle handle;
const char* fatbin_options[] = {"-cuda"};
NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(nvFatbinCreate(&handle, fatbin_options, 1));

NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(nvFatbinAddCubin(handle,
                           (void *)dynamic, dynamic_size, smbuf, "dynamic"));
NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(nvFatbinAddCubin(handle,
                           (void *)known, known_size, "52", "known"));

size_t fatbinSize;
NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(nvFatbinSize(handle, &fatbinSize));
void *fatbin = malloc(fatbinSize);
NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(nvFatbinGet(handle, fatbin));
NVFATBIN_SAFE_CALL(nvFatbinDestroy(&handle));

CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuModuleLoadData(&module, fatbin));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuModuleGetFunction(&kernel, module, "saxpy"));

// Generate input for execution, and create output buffers.
#define NUM_THREADS 128
#define NUM_BLOCKS 32
size_t n = NUM_THREADS * NUM_BLOCKS;
size_t bufferSize = n * sizeof(float);
float a = 5.1f;
float *hX = new float[n], *hY = new float[n], *hOut = new float[n];
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
   hX[i] = static_cast<float>(i);
   hY[i] = static_cast<float>(i * 2);
}
CUdeviceptr dX, dY, dOut;
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemAlloc(&dX, bufferSize));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemAlloc(&dY, bufferSize));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemAlloc(&dOut, bufferSize));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemcpyHtoD(dX, hX, bufferSize));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemcpyHtoD(dY, hY, bufferSize));
// Execute SAXPY.
void *args[] = { &a, &dX, &dY, &dOut, &n };
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(
   cuLaunchKernel(kernel,
                  NUM_BLOCKS, 1, 1,    // grid dim
                  NUM_THREADS, 1, 1,   // block dim
                  0, NULL,             // shared mem and stream
                  args, 0));           // arguments
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuCtxSynchronize());
// Retrieve and print output.
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemcpyDtoH(hOut, dOut, bufferSize));

for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
   std::cout << a << " * " << hX[i] << " + " << hY[i]
             << " = " << hOut[i] << '\n';
}
// Release resources.
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemFree(dX));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemFree(dY));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuMemFree(dOut));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuModuleUnload(module));
CUDA_SAFE_CALL(cuCtxDestroy(context));
delete[] hX;
delete[] hY;
delete[] hOut;
// Release resources.
free(fatbin);
delete[] ((char*)known);
delete[] ((char*)dynamic);

return 0;
}

6.3. Build Instructions

Assuming the environment variable CUDA_PATH points to CUDA Toolkit installation directory, build this example as:

With nvFatbin shared library (note that if the test didn’t use nvrtc or run the code then it would not need to link with nvrtc or the CUDA driver API):

Windows:

cl.exe online.cpp /Feonline ^
      /I "%CUDA_PATH%\include" ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\nvrtc.lib ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\nvFatbin.lib ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\cuda.lib

Linux:

g++ online.cpp -o online \
      -I $CUDA_PATH/include \
      -L $CUDA_PATH/lib64 \
      -lnvrtc -lnvFatbin -lcuda \
      -Wl,-rpath,$CUDA_PATH/lib64

With nvFatbin static library:

Windows:

cl.exe online.cpp /Feonline  ^
      /I "%CUDA_PATH%"\include ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\nvrtc_static.lib ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\nvrtc-builtins_static.lib ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\nvFatbin_static.lib ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\nvptxcompiler_static.lib ^
      "%CUDA_PATH%"\lib\x64\cuda.lib user32.lib Ws2_32.lib

Linux:

g++ online.cpp -o online \
      -I $CUDA_PATH/include \
      -L $CUDA_PATH/lib64 \
      -lnvrtc_static -lnvrtc-builtins_static -lnvFatbin_static -lnvptxcompiler_static -lcuda \
      -lpthread

6.4. Notices

6.4.1. Notice

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6.4.2. OpenCL

OpenCL is a trademark of Apple Inc. used under license to the Khronos Group Inc.

6.4.3. Trademarks

NVIDIA and the NVIDIA logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. Other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.