Planner#

The planner monitors the state of the system and adjusts workers to ensure that the system runs efficiently. Currently, the planner can scale the number of vllm workers up and down based on the kv cache load and prefill queue size:

  • Backend:

    • local ✅

    • kubernetes ✅

  • LLM framework:

    • vllm ✅

    • tensorrt-llm ❌

    • SGLang ❌

    • llama.cpp ❌

  • Serving type:

    • Aggregated ✅

    • Disaggregated ✅

  • Planner actions:

    • Load-based scaling up/down prefill/decode workers ✅

    • SLA-based scaling up/down prefill/decode workers ✅ (with some limitations)

    • Adjusting engine knobs ❌

Load-based Scaling Up/Down Prefill/Decode Workers#

To adjust the number of prefill/decode workers, planner monitors the following metrics:

  • Prefill worker: planner monitors the number of requests pending in the prefill queue to estimate the prefill workload.

  • Decode/aggregated worker: planner monitors the average KV cache utilization rate to estimate the decode/aggregated workload.

Every metric-pulling-interval, planner gathers the aforementioned metrics. Every adjustment-interval, planner compares the aggregated metrics in this interval with pre-set thresholds and decide to scale up/down prefill/decode workers. To avoid over-compensation, planner only changes the number of workers by 1 in one adjustment interval. In addition, when the number of workers is being adjusted, the planner blocks the metric pulling and adjustment.

To scale up a prefill/decode worker, planner just need to launch the worker in the correct namespace. The auto-discovery mechanism picks up the workers and add them to the routers. To scale down a prefill worker, planner send a SIGTERM signal to the prefill worker. The prefill worker store the signal and exit when it finishes the current request pulled from the prefill queue. This ensures that no remote prefill request is dropped. To scale down a decode worker, planner revokes the etcd lease of the decode worker. When the etcd lease is revoked, the corresponding decode worker is immediately removed from the router and won’t get any new requests. The decode worker then finishes all the current requests in their original stream and exits gracefully.

There are two additional rules set by planner to prevent over-compensation:

  1. After a new decode worker is added, since it needs time to populate the kv cache, planner doesn’t scale down the number of decode workers in the next NEW_DECODE_WORKER_GRACE_PERIOD=3 adjustment intervals.

  2. We do not scale up prefill worker if the prefill queue size is estimated to reduce below the --prefill-queue-scale-up-threshold within the next NEW_PREFILL_WORKER_QUEUE_BUFFER_PERIOD=3 adjustment intervals following the trend observed in the current adjustment interval.

Comply with SLA#

To ensure dynamo serve complies with the SLA, we provide a pre-deployment script to profile the model performance with different parallelization mappings and recommend the parallelization mapping for prefill and decode workers and planner configurations. To use this script, the user needs to provide the target ISL, OSL, TTFT SLA, and ITL SLA.

Note

The script considers a fixed ISL/OSL without KV cache reuse. If the real ISL/OSL has a large variance or a significant amount of KV cache can be reused, the result might be inaccurate.

We assume there is no piggy-backed prefill requests in the decode engine. Even if there are some short piggy-backed prefill requests in the decode engine, it should not affect the ITL too much in most conditions. However, if the piggy-backed prefill requests are too much, the ITL might be inaccurate.

python -m utils.profile_sla \
  --config <path-to-dynamo-config-file> \
  --output-dir <path-to-profile-results-dir> \
  --isl <target-isl> \
  --osl <target-osl> \
  --ttft <target-ttft-(ms)> \
  --itl <target-itl-(ms)>

The script will first detect the number of available GPUs on the current nodes (multi-node engine not supported yet). Then, it will profile the prefill and decode performance with different TP sizes. For prefill, since there is no in-flight batching (assume isl is long enough to saturate the GPU), the script directly measures the TTFT for a request with given isl without kv-reusing. For decode, since the ITL (or iteration time) is relevant with how many requests are in-flight, the script will measure the ITL under different number of in-flight requests. The range of the number of in-flight requests is from 1 to the maximum number of requests that the kv cache of the engine can hold. To measure the ITL without being affected by piggy-backed prefill requests, the script will enable kv-reuse and warm up the engine by issuing the same prompts before measuring the ITL. Since the kv cache is sufficient for all the requests, it can hold the kv cache of the pre-computed prompts and skip the prefill phase when measuring the ITL.

After the profiling finishes, two plots will be generated in the output-dir. For example, here are the profiling results for examples/llm/configs/disagg.yaml:

Prefill Performance Decode Performance

For the prefill performance, the script will plot the TTFT for different TP sizes and select the best TP size that meet the target TTFT SLA and delivers the best throughput per GPU. Based on how close the TTFT of the selected TP size is to the SLA, the script will also recommend the upper and lower bounds of the prefill queue size to be used in planner.

For the decode performance, the script will plot the ITL for different TP sizes and different in-flight requests. Similarly, it will select the best point that satisfies the ITL SLA and delivers the best throughput per GPU and recommend the upper and lower bounds of the kv cache utilization rate to be used in planner.

The following information will be printed out in the terminal: 2025-05-16 15:20:24 - main - INFO - Analyzing results and generate recommendations… 2025-05-16 15:20:24 - main - INFO - Suggested prefill TP:4 (TTFT 48.37 ms, throughput 15505.23 tokens/s/GPU) 2025-05-16 15:20:24 - main - INFO - Suggested planner upper/lower bound for prefill queue size: 0.24/0.10 2025-05-16 15:20:24 - main - INFO - Suggested decode TP:4 (ITL 4.83 ms, throughput 51.22 tokens/s/GPU) 2025-05-16 15:20:24 - main - INFO - Suggested planner upper/lower bound for decode kv cache utilization: 0.20/0.10


After finding the best TP size for prefill and decode, the script will then interpolate the TTFT with ISL and ITL with active KV cache and decode context length. This is to provide a more accurate estimation of the performance when ISL and OSL changes. The results will be saved to `<output_dir>/<decode/prefill>_tp<best_tp>_interpolation`.

## Usage

`dynamo serve` automatically starts the planner. Configure it through YAML files or command-line arguments:

```bash
# YAML configuration
dynamo serve graphs.disagg:Frontend -f disagg.yaml

# disagg.yaml
Planner:
  environment: local
  no-operation: false
  log-dir: log/planner

# Command-line configuration
dynamo serve graphs.disagg:Frontend -f disagg.yaml --Planner.environment=local --Planner.no-operation=false --Planner.log-dir=log/planner

Configuration options:

  • namespace (str, default: “dynamo”): Target namespace for planner operations

  • environment (str, default: “local”): Target environment (local, kubernetes)

  • served-model-name (str, default: “vllm”): Target model name

  • no-operation (bool, default: false): Run in observation mode only

  • log-dir (str, default: None): Tensorboard log directory

  • adjustment-interval (int, default: 30): Seconds between adjustments

  • metric-pulling-interval (int, default: 1): Seconds between metric pulls

  • max-gpu-budget (int, default: 8): Maximum GPUs for all workers

  • min-gpu-budget (int, default: 1): Minimum GPUs per worker type

  • decode-kv-scale-up-threshold (float, default: 0.9): KV cache threshold for scale-up

  • decode-kv-scale-down-threshold (float, default: 0.5): KV cache threshold for scale-down

  • prefill-queue-scale-up-threshold (float, default: 0.5): Queue threshold for scale-up

  • prefill-queue-scale-down-threshold (float, default: 0.2): Queue threshold for scale-down

  • decode-engine-num-gpu (int, default: 1): GPUs per decode engine

  • prefill-engine-num-gpu (int, default: 1): GPUs per prefill engine

Run as standalone process:

PYTHONPATH=/workspace/examples/llm python components/planner.py --namespace=dynamo --served-model-name=vllm --no-operation --log-dir=log/planner

Monitor metrics with Tensorboard:

tensorboard --logdir=<path-to-tensorboard-log-dir>

Backends#

The planner supports local and kubernetes backends for worker management.

Local Backend#

The local backend uses Circus to control worker processes. A Watcher tracks each serve_dynamo.py process. The planner adds or removes watchers to scale workers.

Note: Circus’s increment feature doesn’t support GPU scheduling variables, so we create separate watchers per process.

State Management#

The planner maintains state in a JSON file at ~/.dynamo/state/{namespace}.json. This file:

  • Tracks worker names as {namespace}_{component_name}

  • Records GPU allocations from the allocator

  • Updates after each planner action

  • Cleans up automatically when the arbiter exits

Example state file evolution:

# Initial decode worker
{
  "dynamo_VllmWorker": {..., resources={...}}
}

# After adding worker
{
  "dynamo_VllmWorker": {..., resources={...}},
  "dynamo_VllmWorker_1": {..., resources={...}}
}

# After removing worker
{
  "dynamo_VllmWorker": {..., resources={...}}
}

# After removing last worker
{
  "dynamo_VllmWorker": {...}
}

Note: Start with one replica per worker. Multiple initial replicas currently share a single watcher.

Kubernetes Backend#

The Kubernetes backend scales workers by updating DynamoGraphDeployment replica counts. When scaling needs change, the planner:

  1. Updates the deployment’s replica count

  2. Lets the Kubernetes operator create/remove pods

  3. Maintains seamless scaling without manual intervention

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