Activation Recompute#

Stable docs: docs/training/activation-recomputation.md Card: card.yaml (co-located)

What It Is#

Activation recompute trades GPU compute for memory by discarding intermediate activations during the forward pass and recomputing them during backward. Megatron Bridge supports two granularities:

Granularity	What you specify	What gets recomputed	Memory savings	Compute cost
`selective`	`recompute_modules` list (e.g. `core_attn`, `mlp`)	specific submodules within each layer	moderate (module-dependent)	low to high
`full`	`recompute_num_layers` + `recompute_method`	entire transformer layers (N layers)	strongest	highest

Note: MCore names these “selective” (submodule-level) vs “full” (layer-level). “Full” means recomputing full layers, not the full model — you still choose how many layers via recompute_num_layers.

Quick Decision#

Set PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True first — most borderline OOMs are caused by memory fragmentation, not capacity. This fixes it at zero cost. See skills/perf-techniques/memory-tuning/SKILL.md.
Start with recompute_granularity=selective, recompute_modules=[core_attn] (often already the default in recipes).
Add layernorm to recompute modules — nearly free compute-wise but saves negligible memory. Only helps in extremely borderline cases.
Add mlp as a last resort — saves ~3 GB but costs ~16% GPU utilization on large dense models (Llama3 70B).
Use recompute_granularity=full only when selective recompute still does not fit.

CPU offloading (cpu_offloading=True) is an alternative that avoids recompute cost entirely, but it is incompatible with PP > 1.

Enablement#

Selective recompute (default for most recipes)#

cfg.model.recompute_granularity = "selective"
cfg.model.recompute_modules = ["core_attn"]

Selective recompute with additional modules#

cfg.model.recompute_granularity = "selective"
cfg.model.recompute_modules = ["core_attn", "layernorm"]  # or ["mlp"] or ["mlp", "core_attn"]

Full-layer recompute#

cfg.model.recompute_granularity = "full"
cfg.model.recompute_method = "uniform"
cfg.model.recompute_num_layers = 4

Available recompute_modules#

Module	What it recomputes	Compute cost	Memory savings
`core_attn`	attention softmax/dropout/QKV dot product	low (Flash Attention already recomputes internally)	moderate
`layernorm`	layer normalization	negligible (~0%)	negligible
`mlp`	full FFN block	high (~16% on Llama3 70B, hidden=28672)	~3 GB
`moe`	MoE expert dispatch	varies	varies
`moe_act`	MoE activation functions	low	small
`shared_experts`	shared expert layers	moderate	moderate
`mla_up_proj`	Multi-Latent Attention up projection	moderate	moderate

Performance harness CLI#

python scripts/performance/run_performance_workload.py \
  --recompute_granularity selective \
  --recompute_modules core_attn layernorm \
  ...

Compatibility and Constraints#

recompute_granularity=selective requires a non-empty recompute_modules list
recompute_granularity=full requires recompute_method and recompute_num_layers
Layer-level recompute (recompute_granularity="full" + recompute_num_layers) is incompatible with TE-scoped CUDA graphs. MCore calls this “full” granularity — the name refers to recomputing full transformer layers, not the full model. Even though you’re selecting how many layers to recompute, MCore treats it differently from submodule recompute. Any TE-scoped scope (attn, mlp, moe_router, etc.) will assert. This commonly hits FP8 configs that enable TE-scoped graphs by default (e.g. LLAMA3_70B_SFT_CONFIG_H100_FP8_CS_V1 sets cuda_graph_impl="transformer_engine", cuda_graph_scope="mlp"). Options:
- use submodule recompute (recompute_granularity="selective" + recompute_modules) — compatible with TE-scoped graphs
- disable CUDA graphs (cuda_graph_impl="none") and use layer-level recompute
- switch to cuda_graph_impl="local", cuda_graph_scope="full_iteration"
distribute_saved_activations=True cannot be combined with sequence_parallel=True
Combining mlp + core_attn recompute is slightly worse than mlp alone due to double recompute overhead

Measured Results#

Llama3 70B SFT on 32x H100 80GB, FP8 (Current Scaling):

Baseline: TP=4, PP=4, VPP=5, DP=2, MBS=1, GBS=32, seq_len=4096
Golden GPU utilization: 709.93 TFLOP/s/GPU
Regression threshold: 5%

Experiment	recompute_modules	TFLOP/s/GPU	vs Golden	Peak Mem (GB)	Result
Baseline	[core_attn]	~704	-0.8%	58.8 (OOM rank0)	OOM
Exp 1	[mlp]	593.6	-16.4%	55.6	Perf regression
Exp 2	[mlp, core_attn]	586.8	-17.3%	55.6	Perf regression
Exp 3	[core_attn, layernorm]	~702	-1.1%	59.6 (OOM rank0)	OOM

Key takeaways:

layernorm recompute is nearly free compute-wise but saves negligible memory
mlp recompute saves ~3 GB peak but costs ~16% because the Llama3 70B FFN (hidden=28672) is expensive to recompute
Combining mlp + core_attn is slightly worse than mlp alone
For this workload, the actual OOM fix was PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True (memory fragmentation, not capacity). See skills/perf-techniques/memory-tuning/SKILL.md.

Code Anchors#

Recompute modules enum and selective checkpoint logic#

# 3rdparty/Megatron-LM/megatron/core/transformer/transformer_block.py
# _checkpointed_forward() applies selective recompute based on recompute_modules

Recompute config validation#

# 3rdparty/Megatron-LM/megatron/core/transformer/transformer_config.py
# Validates recompute_granularity, recompute_method, recompute_num_layers

Llama3 recipe defaults#

    # Memory saving (recompute & offloading)
    cfg.model.recompute_granularity = None
    cfg.model.recompute_modules = None
    cfg.model.fine_grained_activation_offloading = False
    cfg.model.offload_modules = None

Full recompute + CUDA graph assertion (MCore)#

            if self.recompute_granularity:
                if self.recompute_granularity != "selective":
                    assert self.cuda_graph_scope == [
                        CudaGraphScope.full_iteration
                    ], "full recompute is only supported with full iteration CUDA graph."

CPU offloading PP incompatibility (MCore)#

        if self.cpu_offloading and self.pipeline_model_parallel_size > 1:
            raise ValueError(
                "Currently there is no support for Pipeline parallelism with CPU offloading"
            )

Failure Diagnosis#

Symptom	Cause	Confirm	Fix
>15% GPU utilization drop	mlp recompute on large FFN	check `recompute_modules` includes `mlp`	check `expandable_segments:True` is set; consider reducing MBS
Still OOM after adding layernorm	layernorm activations are too small	compare peak memory before/after	add mlp recompute or check `expandable_segments:True`
`AssertionError: full recompute is only supported with full iteration CUDA graph`	layer-level recompute (`recompute_granularity=full` + `recompute_num_layers`) with TE-scoped graphs. FP8 CS configs default to `cuda_graph_impl=transformer_engine`, `scope=mlp`.	check `cuda_graph_impl` and `cuda_graph_scope`	use submodule recompute (`selective` + `recompute_modules`), or `cuda_graph_impl=none`, or `local` + `full_iteration`
ValueError: PP + CPU offloading	`cpu_offloading=True` with `pipeline_model_parallel_size > 1`	check PP config	disable CPU offloading or set PP=1
mlp+core_attn worse than mlp alone	double recompute overhead	compare Exp 1 vs Exp 2	use mlp alone

Known Limitations#

Per-module memory savings vary significantly by model architecture and hidden dimension
No automatic module selection — users must choose which modules to recompute
layernorm recompute is almost never worth it as a standalone fix
CPU offloading (the zero-compute-cost alternative) is blocked when PP > 1

Verification#

uv run python -m pytest \
  tests/unit_tests/training/test_config.py -k "recompute" -q

Success criteria:

Unit tests pass for recompute config validation
No assertion errors from config validation