Semantic Deduplication

Detect and remove semantically redundant data from your large text datasets using NeMo Curator.

Unlike exact or fuzzy deduplication, which focus on textual similarity, semantic deduplication leverages the meaning of content to identify duplicates. This approach can significantly reduce dataset size while maintaining or even improving model performance.

The technique uses embeddings to identify “semantic duplicates” - content pairs that convey similar meaning despite using different words.

GPU Acceleration: Semantic deduplication requires GPU acceleration for both embedding generation and clustering operations. This method uses cuDF for GPU-accelerated dataframe operations and PyTorch models on GPU for optimal performance.

How It Works

Semantic deduplication identifies meaning-based duplicates using embeddings:

Generates embeddings for each document using transformer models
Clusters embeddings using K-means
Computes pairwise cosine similarities within clusters
Identifies semantic duplicates based on similarity threshold
Removes duplicates, keeping one representative per group

Based on SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication by Abbas et al.

Before You Start

Prerequisites:

GPU acceleration (required for embedding generation and clustering)
Stable document identifiers for removal (either existing IDs or IDs managed by the workflow and removal stages)

Quick Start

Get started with semantic deduplication using the following example of identifying duplicates, then remove them in one step:

1 from nemo_curator.stages.text.deduplication.semantic import TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow
2 from nemo_curator.backends.experimental.ray_data import RayDataExecutor
3 
4 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
5     input_path="input_data/",
6     output_path="./results", 
7     cache_path="./sem_cache",
8     model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
9     n_clusters=100,
10     eps=0.07,  # Similarity threshold
11     id_field="doc_id",
12     perform_removal=True  # Complete deduplication
13 )
14 
15 executor = RayDataExecutor()
16 results = workflow.run(executor)
17 # Clean dataset saved to ./results/deduplicated/

Configuration

Configure semantic deduplication using these key parameters:

Step-by-Step Workflow

For fine-grained control, break semantic deduplication into separate stages:

1 from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.id_generator import create_id_generator_actor
2 from nemo_curator.stages.text.embedders import EmbeddingCreatorStage
3 from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.semantic import SemanticDeduplicationWorkflow, IdentifyDuplicatesStage
4 from nemo_curator.stages.text.deduplication.removal_workflow import TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow
5 from nemo_curator.pipeline import Pipeline
6 from nemo_curator.stages.text.io.reader import ParquetReader
7 from nemo_curator.stages.text.io.writer import ParquetWriter
8 
9 # Step 1: Create ID generator
10 create_id_generator_actor()
11 
12 # Step 2: Generate embeddings separately
13 embedding_pipeline = Pipeline(
14     name="embedding_pipeline",
15     stages=[
16         ParquetReader(file_paths=input_path, files_per_partition=1, fields=["text"], _generate_ids=True),
17         EmbeddingCreatorStage(
18             model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
19             text_field="text",
20             embedding_pooling="mean_pooling",
21             model_inference_batch_size=256,
22         ),
23         ParquetWriter(path=embedding_output_path, fields=["_curator_dedup_id", "embeddings"]),
24     ],
25 )
26 embedding_out = embedding_pipeline.run()
27 
28 # Step 3: Run clustering and pairwise similarity (without duplicate identification)
29 semantic_workflow = SemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
30     input_path=embedding_output_path,
31     output_path=semantic_workflow_path,
32     n_clusters=100,
33     id_field="_curator_dedup_id",
34     embedding_field="embeddings",
35     eps=None,  # Skip duplicate identification for analysis
36 )
37 semantic_out = semantic_workflow.run()
38 
39 # Step 4: Analyze similarity distribution to choose eps
40 # Step 5: Identify duplicates with chosen eps
41 # Step 6: Remove duplicates from original dataset

This approach enables analysis of intermediate results and parameter tuning.

Comparison with Other Deduplication Methods

Compare semantic deduplication with other methods:

Deduplication Method Behavior Comparison

Method	Return Value Options	perform_removal Parameter	Workflow
ExactDuplicates	Duplicates (ID list only)	❌ Not supported (must remain `False`; use `TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow`)	Two-step (identification + removal workflow)
FuzzyDuplicates	Duplicates (ID list only)	❌ Not supported (must remain `False`; use `TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow`)	Two-step (identification + removal workflow)
TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow	Duplicates or Clean Dataset	✅ Available	One-step or two-step

Key Parameters

Key Configuration Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`model_identifier`	str	”sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2”	Pre-trained model for embedding generation
`embedding_model_inference_batch_size`	int	256	Number of samples per embedding batch
`n_clusters`	int	100	Number of clusters for k-means clustering
`kmeans_max_iter`	int	300	Maximum iterations for clustering
`eps`	float	0.01	Threshold for deduplication (higher = more aggressive)
`which_to_keep`	str	”hard”	Strategy for keeping duplicates (“hard”/“easy”/“random”)
`pairwise_batch_size`	int	1024	Batch size for similarity computation
`distance_metric`	str	”cosine”	Distance metric for similarity (“cosine” or “l2”)
`embedding_pooling`	str	”mean_pooling”	Pooling strategy (“mean_pooling” or “last_token”)
`perform_removal`	bool	true	Whether to perform duplicate removal
`text_field`	str	”text”	Name of the text field in input data
`id_field`	str	”_curator_dedup_id”	Name of the ID field in the data

Similarity Threshold

Control deduplication aggressiveness with eps:

Lower values (e.g., 0.001): More strict, less deduplication, higher confidence
Higher values (e.g., 0.1): Less strict, more aggressive deduplication

Experiment with different values to balance data reduction and dataset diversity.

Embedding Models

Sentence Transformers (recommended for text):

1 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2     model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
3     # ... other parameters
4 )

HuggingFace Models:

1 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2     model_identifier="facebook/opt-125m",
3     # ... other parameters
4 )

When choosing a model:

Ensure compatibility with your data type
Adjust embedding_model_inference_batch_size for memory requirements
Choose models appropriate for your language or domain
Avoid generic decoder-only LLMs (e.g., OPT/GPT) for embeddings; prefer models trained for sentence embeddings (e.g., E5/BGE/SBERT)

Advanced Configuration

1 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2     # I/O
3     input_path="input_data/",
4     output_path="results/",
5     cache_path="semdedup_cache",
6     
7     # Embedding generation
8     text_field="text",
9     model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
10     embedding_max_seq_length=512,
11     embedding_pooling="mean_pooling",
12     embedding_model_inference_batch_size=256,
13     
14     # Deduplication
15     n_clusters=100,
16     eps=0.01,  # Similarity threshold
17     distance_metric="cosine",
18     which_to_keep="hard",
19     
20     # K-means
21     kmeans_max_iter=300,
22     kmeans_tol=1e-4,
23     pairwise_batch_size=1024,
24     
25     perform_removal=True
26 )

Output Format

The semantic deduplication process produces the following directory structure in your configured cache_path:

cache_path/
├── embeddings/                           # Embedding outputs
│   └── *.parquet                         # Parquet files containing document embeddings
├── semantic_dedup/                       # Semantic deduplication cache
│   ├── kmeans_results/                   # K-means clustering outputs
│   │   ├── kmeans_centroids.npy         # Cluster centroids
│   │   └── embs_by_nearest_center/      # Embeddings organized by cluster
│   │       └── nearest_cent={0..n-1}/   # Subdirectories for each cluster
│   │           └── *.parquet            # Cluster member embeddings
│   └── pairwise_results/                # Pairwise similarity results
│       └── *.parquet                    # Similarity scores by cluster
└── output_path/
    ├── duplicates/                       # Duplicate identification results
    │   └── *.parquet                    # Document IDs to remove
    └── deduplicated/                     # Final clean dataset (if perform_removal=True)
        └── *.parquet                    # Deduplicated documents

File Formats

The workflow produces these output files:

Document Embeddings (embeddings/*.parquet):
- Contains document IDs and their vector embeddings
- Format: Parquet files with columns: [id_column, embedding_column]
Cluster Assignments (semantic_dedup/kmeans_results/):
- kmeans_centroids.npy: NumPy array of cluster centers
- embs_by_nearest_center/: Parquet files containing cluster members
- Format: Parquet files with columns: [id_column, embedding_column, cluster_id]
Duplicate IDs (output_path/duplicates/*.parquet):
- IDs of documents identified as duplicates for removal
- Format: Parquet file with columns: ["id"]
- Important: Contains only the IDs of documents to remove, not the full document content
- When perform_removal=True, clean dataset is saved to output_path/deduplicated/

Performance Considerations

Performance characteristics:

Computationally intensive, especially for large datasets
GPU acceleration required for embedding generation and clustering
Benefits often outweigh upfront cost (reduced training time, improved model performance)

GPU requirements:

NVIDIA GPU with CUDA support
Sufficient GPU memory (recommended: >8GB for medium datasets)
RAPIDS libraries (cuDF) for GPU-accelerated dataframe operations
CPU-only processing not supported

Performance tuning:

Adjust n_clusters based on dataset size and available resources
Use batched cosine similarity to reduce memory requirements
Consider distributed processing for very large datasets

Performance Scaling (Example)

Dataset Size	GPU Memory	Processing Time	Recommended GPUs
Less than 100K docs	4-8 GB	1-2 hours	RTX 3080, A100
100K-1M docs	8-16 GB	2-8 hours	RTX 4090, A100
More than 1M docs	16+ GB	8+ hours	A100, H100

For more details, see the SemDeDup paper by Abbas et al.

Advanced Configuration

ID Generator for large-scale operations:

1 from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.id_generator import (
2     create_id_generator_actor,
3     write_id_generator_to_disk,
4     kill_id_generator_actor
5 )
6 
7 create_id_generator_actor()
8 id_generator_path = "semantic_id_generator.json"
9 write_id_generator_to_disk(id_generator_path)
10 kill_id_generator_actor()
11 
12 # Use persisted ID generator in removal workflow
13 removal_workflow = TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow(
14     input_path=input_path,
15     ids_to_remove_path=duplicates_path,
16     output_path=output_path,
17     id_generator_path=id_generator_path,
18     input_files_per_partition=1,  # Match partitioning as embedding generation
19     # ... other parameters
20 )

Critical requirements:

Use the same input configuration (file paths, partitioning) across all stages
ID consistency maintained by hashing filenames in each task
Mismatched partitioning causes ID lookup failures

Ray backend configuration:

1 from nemo_curator.core.client import RayClient
2 
3 client = RayClient(
4     num_cpus=64,    # Adjust based on available cores
5     num_gpus=4      # Should be roughly 2x the memory of embeddings
6 )
7 client.start()
8 
9 try:
10     workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
11         input_path=input_path,
12         output_path=output_path,
13         cache_path=cache_path,
14         # ... other parameters
15     )
16     results = workflow.run()
17 finally:
18     client.stop()

Provides distributed processing, memory management, and fault tolerance.

Detect and remove semantically redundant data from your large text datasets using NeMo Curator.

The technique uses embeddings to identify “semantic duplicates” - content pairs that convey similar meaning despite using different words.

How It Works

Semantic deduplication identifies meaning-based duplicates using embeddings:

Generates embeddings for each document using transformer models
Clusters embeddings using K-means
Computes pairwise cosine similarities within clusters
Identifies semantic duplicates based on similarity threshold
Removes duplicates, keeping one representative per group

Based on SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication by Abbas et al.

Before You Start

Prerequisites:

GPU acceleration (required for embedding generation and clustering)
Stable document identifiers for removal (either existing IDs or IDs managed by the workflow and removal stages)

Quick Start

Get started with semantic deduplication using the following example of identifying duplicates, then remove them in one step:

1 from nemo_curator.stages.text.deduplication.semantic import TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow
2 from nemo_curator.backends.experimental.ray_data import RayDataExecutor
3 
4 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
5     input_path="input_data/",
6     output_path="./results", 
7     cache_path="./sem_cache",
8     model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
9     n_clusters=100,
10     eps=0.07,  # Similarity threshold
11     id_field="doc_id",
12     perform_removal=True  # Complete deduplication
13 )
14 
15 executor = RayDataExecutor()
16 results = workflow.run(executor)
17 # Clean dataset saved to ./results/deduplicated/

Configuration

Configure semantic deduplication using these key parameters:

Step-by-Step Workflow

For fine-grained control, break semantic deduplication into separate stages:

1 from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.id_generator import create_id_generator_actor
2 from nemo_curator.stages.text.embedders import EmbeddingCreatorStage
3 from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.semantic import SemanticDeduplicationWorkflow, IdentifyDuplicatesStage
4 from nemo_curator.stages.text.deduplication.removal_workflow import TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow
5 from nemo_curator.pipeline import Pipeline
6 from nemo_curator.stages.text.io.reader import ParquetReader
7 from nemo_curator.stages.text.io.writer import ParquetWriter
8 
9 # Step 1: Create ID generator
10 create_id_generator_actor()
11 
12 # Step 2: Generate embeddings separately
13 embedding_pipeline = Pipeline(
14     name="embedding_pipeline",
15     stages=[
16         ParquetReader(file_paths=input_path, files_per_partition=1, fields=["text"], _generate_ids=True),
17         EmbeddingCreatorStage(
18             model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
19             text_field="text",
20             embedding_pooling="mean_pooling",
21             model_inference_batch_size=256,
22         ),
23         ParquetWriter(path=embedding_output_path, fields=["_curator_dedup_id", "embeddings"]),
24     ],
25 )
26 embedding_out = embedding_pipeline.run()
27 
28 # Step 3: Run clustering and pairwise similarity (without duplicate identification)
29 semantic_workflow = SemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
30     input_path=embedding_output_path,
31     output_path=semantic_workflow_path,
32     n_clusters=100,
33     id_field="_curator_dedup_id",
34     embedding_field="embeddings",
35     eps=None,  # Skip duplicate identification for analysis
36 )
37 semantic_out = semantic_workflow.run()
38 
39 # Step 4: Analyze similarity distribution to choose eps
40 # Step 5: Identify duplicates with chosen eps
41 # Step 6: Remove duplicates from original dataset

This approach enables analysis of intermediate results and parameter tuning.

Comparison with Other Deduplication Methods

Compare semantic deduplication with other methods:

Deduplication Method Behavior Comparison

Method	Return Value Options	perform_removal Parameter	Workflow
ExactDuplicates	Duplicates (ID list only)	❌ Not supported (must remain `False`; use `TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow`)	Two-step (identification + removal workflow)
FuzzyDuplicates	Duplicates (ID list only)	❌ Not supported (must remain `False`; use `TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow`)	Two-step (identification + removal workflow)
TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow	Duplicates or Clean Dataset	✅ Available	One-step or two-step

Key Parameters

Key Configuration Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`model_identifier`	str	”sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2”	Pre-trained model for embedding generation
`embedding_model_inference_batch_size`	int	256	Number of samples per embedding batch
`n_clusters`	int	100	Number of clusters for k-means clustering
`kmeans_max_iter`	int	300	Maximum iterations for clustering
`eps`	float	0.01	Threshold for deduplication (higher = more aggressive)
`which_to_keep`	str	”hard”	Strategy for keeping duplicates (“hard”/“easy”/“random”)
`pairwise_batch_size`	int	1024	Batch size for similarity computation
`distance_metric`	str	”cosine”	Distance metric for similarity (“cosine” or “l2”)
`embedding_pooling`	str	”mean_pooling”	Pooling strategy (“mean_pooling” or “last_token”)
`perform_removal`	bool	true	Whether to perform duplicate removal
`text_field`	str	”text”	Name of the text field in input data
`id_field`	str	”_curator_dedup_id”	Name of the ID field in the data

Similarity Threshold

Control deduplication aggressiveness with eps:

Lower values (e.g., 0.001): More strict, less deduplication, higher confidence
Higher values (e.g., 0.1): Less strict, more aggressive deduplication

Experiment with different values to balance data reduction and dataset diversity.

Embedding Models

Sentence Transformers (recommended for text):

1 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2     model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
3     # ... other parameters
4 )

HuggingFace Models:

1 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2     model_identifier="facebook/opt-125m",
3     # ... other parameters
4 )

When choosing a model:

Ensure compatibility with your data type
Adjust embedding_model_inference_batch_size for memory requirements
Choose models appropriate for your language or domain
Avoid generic decoder-only LLMs (e.g., OPT/GPT) for embeddings; prefer models trained for sentence embeddings (e.g., E5/BGE/SBERT)

Advanced Configuration

1 workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2     # I/O
3     input_path="input_data/",
4     output_path="results/",
5     cache_path="semdedup_cache",
6     
7     # Embedding generation
8     text_field="text",
9     model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
10     embedding_max_seq_length=512,
11     embedding_pooling="mean_pooling",
12     embedding_model_inference_batch_size=256,
13     
14     # Deduplication
15     n_clusters=100,
16     eps=0.01,  # Similarity threshold
17     distance_metric="cosine",
18     which_to_keep="hard",
19     
20     # K-means
21     kmeans_max_iter=300,
22     kmeans_tol=1e-4,
23     pairwise_batch_size=1024,
24     
25     perform_removal=True
26 )

Output Format

The semantic deduplication process produces the following directory structure in your configured cache_path:

cache_path/
├── embeddings/                           # Embedding outputs
│   └── *.parquet                         # Parquet files containing document embeddings
├── semantic_dedup/                       # Semantic deduplication cache
│   ├── kmeans_results/                   # K-means clustering outputs
│   │   ├── kmeans_centroids.npy         # Cluster centroids
│   │   └── embs_by_nearest_center/      # Embeddings organized by cluster
│   │       └── nearest_cent={0..n-1}/   # Subdirectories for each cluster
│   │           └── *.parquet            # Cluster member embeddings
│   └── pairwise_results/                # Pairwise similarity results
│       └── *.parquet                    # Similarity scores by cluster
└── output_path/
    ├── duplicates/                       # Duplicate identification results
    │   └── *.parquet                    # Document IDs to remove
    └── deduplicated/                     # Final clean dataset (if perform_removal=True)
        └── *.parquet                    # Deduplicated documents

File Formats

The workflow produces these output files:

Document Embeddings (embeddings/*.parquet):
- Contains document IDs and their vector embeddings
- Format: Parquet files with columns: [id_column, embedding_column]
Cluster Assignments (semantic_dedup/kmeans_results/):
- kmeans_centroids.npy: NumPy array of cluster centers
- embs_by_nearest_center/: Parquet files containing cluster members
- Format: Parquet files with columns: [id_column, embedding_column, cluster_id]
Duplicate IDs (output_path/duplicates/*.parquet):
- IDs of documents identified as duplicates for removal
- Format: Parquet file with columns: ["id"]
- Important: Contains only the IDs of documents to remove, not the full document content
- When perform_removal=True, clean dataset is saved to output_path/deduplicated/

Performance Considerations

Performance characteristics:

Computationally intensive, especially for large datasets
GPU acceleration required for embedding generation and clustering
Benefits often outweigh upfront cost (reduced training time, improved model performance)

GPU requirements:

NVIDIA GPU with CUDA support
Sufficient GPU memory (recommended: >8GB for medium datasets)
RAPIDS libraries (cuDF) for GPU-accelerated dataframe operations
CPU-only processing not supported

Performance tuning:

Adjust n_clusters based on dataset size and available resources
Use batched cosine similarity to reduce memory requirements
Consider distributed processing for very large datasets

Performance Scaling (Example)

Dataset Size	GPU Memory	Processing Time	Recommended GPUs
Less than 100K docs	4-8 GB	1-2 hours	RTX 3080, A100
100K-1M docs	8-16 GB	2-8 hours	RTX 4090, A100
More than 1M docs	16+ GB	8+ hours	A100, H100

For more details, see the SemDeDup paper by Abbas et al.

Advanced Configuration

ID Generator for large-scale operations:

1 from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.id_generator import (
2     create_id_generator_actor,
3     write_id_generator_to_disk,
4     kill_id_generator_actor
5 )
6 
7 create_id_generator_actor()
8 id_generator_path = "semantic_id_generator.json"
9 write_id_generator_to_disk(id_generator_path)
10 kill_id_generator_actor()
11 
12 # Use persisted ID generator in removal workflow
13 removal_workflow = TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow(
14     input_path=input_path,
15     ids_to_remove_path=duplicates_path,
16     output_path=output_path,
17     id_generator_path=id_generator_path,
18     input_files_per_partition=1,  # Match partitioning as embedding generation
19     # ... other parameters
20 )

Critical requirements:

Use the same input configuration (file paths, partitioning) across all stages
ID consistency maintained by hashing filenames in each task
Mismatched partitioning causes ID lookup failures

Ray backend configuration:

1 from nemo_curator.core.client import RayClient
2 
3 client = RayClient(
4     num_cpus=64,    # Adjust based on available cores
5     num_gpus=4      # Should be roughly 2x the memory of embeddings
6 )
7 client.start()
8 
9 try:
10     workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
11         input_path=input_path,
12         output_path=output_path,
13         cache_path=cache_path,
14         # ... other parameters
15     )
16     results = workflow.run()
17 finally:
18     client.stop()

Provides distributed processing, memory management, and fault tolerance.

1	from nemo_curator.stages.text.deduplication.semantic import TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow
2	from nemo_curator.backends.experimental.ray_data import RayDataExecutor
3
4	workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
5	input_path="input_data/",
6	output_path="./results",
7	cache_path="./sem_cache",
8	model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
9	n_clusters=100,
10	eps=0.07, # Similarity threshold
11	id_field="doc_id",
12	perform_removal=True # Complete deduplication
13	)
14
15	executor = RayDataExecutor()
16	results = workflow.run(executor)
17	# Clean dataset saved to ./results/deduplicated/

1	from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.id_generator import create_id_generator_actor
2	from nemo_curator.stages.text.embedders import EmbeddingCreatorStage
3	from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.semantic import SemanticDeduplicationWorkflow, IdentifyDuplicatesStage
4	from nemo_curator.stages.text.deduplication.removal_workflow import TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow
5	from nemo_curator.pipeline import Pipeline
6	from nemo_curator.stages.text.io.reader import ParquetReader
7	from nemo_curator.stages.text.io.writer import ParquetWriter
8
9	# Step 1: Create ID generator
10	create_id_generator_actor()
11
12	# Step 2: Generate embeddings separately
13	embedding_pipeline = Pipeline(
14	name="embedding_pipeline",
15	stages=[
16	ParquetReader(file_paths=input_path, files_per_partition=1, fields=["text"], _generate_ids=True),
17	EmbeddingCreatorStage(
18	model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
19	text_field="text",
20	embedding_pooling="mean_pooling",
21	model_inference_batch_size=256,
22	),
23	ParquetWriter(path=embedding_output_path, fields=["_curator_dedup_id", "embeddings"]),
24	],
25	)
26	embedding_out = embedding_pipeline.run()
27
28	# Step 3: Run clustering and pairwise similarity (without duplicate identification)
29	semantic_workflow = SemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
30	input_path=embedding_output_path,
31	output_path=semantic_workflow_path,
32	n_clusters=100,
33	id_field="_curator_dedup_id",
34	embedding_field="embeddings",
35	eps=None, # Skip duplicate identification for analysis
36	)
37	semantic_out = semantic_workflow.run()
38
39	# Step 4: Analyze similarity distribution to choose eps
40	# Step 5: Identify duplicates with chosen eps
41	# Step 6: Remove duplicates from original dataset

1	workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2	model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
3	# ... other parameters
4	)

1	workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2	model_identifier="facebook/opt-125m",
3	# ... other parameters
4	)

1	workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
2	# I/O
3	input_path="input_data/",
4	output_path="results/",
5	cache_path="semdedup_cache",
6
7	# Embedding generation
8	text_field="text",
9	model_identifier="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",
10	embedding_max_seq_length=512,
11	embedding_pooling="mean_pooling",
12	embedding_model_inference_batch_size=256,
13
14	# Deduplication
15	n_clusters=100,
16	eps=0.01, # Similarity threshold
17	distance_metric="cosine",
18	which_to_keep="hard",
19
20	# K-means
21	kmeans_max_iter=300,
22	kmeans_tol=1e-4,
23	pairwise_batch_size=1024,
24
25	perform_removal=True
26	)

1	from nemo_curator.stages.deduplication.id_generator import (
2	create_id_generator_actor,
3	write_id_generator_to_disk,
4	kill_id_generator_actor
5	)
6
7	create_id_generator_actor()
8	id_generator_path = "semantic_id_generator.json"
9	write_id_generator_to_disk(id_generator_path)
10	kill_id_generator_actor()
11
12	# Use persisted ID generator in removal workflow
13	removal_workflow = TextDuplicatesRemovalWorkflow(
14	input_path=input_path,
15	ids_to_remove_path=duplicates_path,
16	output_path=output_path,
17	id_generator_path=id_generator_path,
18	input_files_per_partition=1, # Match partitioning as embedding generation
19	# ... other parameters
20	)

1	from nemo_curator.core.client import RayClient
2
3	client = RayClient(
4	num_cpus=64, # Adjust based on available cores
5	num_gpus=4 # Should be roughly 2x the memory of embeddings
6	)
7	client.start()
8
9	try:
10	workflow = TextSemanticDeduplicationWorkflow(
11	input_path=input_path,
12	output_path=output_path,
13	cache_path=cache_path,
14	# ... other parameters
15	)
16	results = workflow.run()
17	finally:
18	client.stop()