App Shield Agent - NVIDIA Docs

NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Agent Application Guide

This document provides a process introspection system implementation on top of NVIDIA® BlueField® DPU.

1. Introduction

App Shield Agent monitors a process in the host system using the DOCA App Shield library.

This security capability helps identify corruption of core processes in the system from an independent and trusted DPU. This is a major and innovate intrusion detection system (IDS) ability since it cannot be provided from inside the host.

The DOCA App Shield library gives the capability to read, analyze, and authenticate the host (bare metal/VM) memory directly from the DPU.

Using the library, this application hashes the un-writeable memory pages (also unloaded pages) of a specific process and its libraries. Then, at regularly occurring intervals the app authenticates the loaded pages.

The app reports pass/fail after every iteration until the first attestation failure. The reports are both printed to the console and exported to the DOCA telemetry service (DTS) using inter-process communication (IPC).

This document describes how to build secure process monitoring using the DOCA App Shield library, which leverages the DPU's advantages such as hardware-based DMA, integrity, and more.

2. System Design

The App Shield agent is designed to run independently on the DPU's Arm without hindering the host.

The host's involvement is limited to configuring monitoring of a new process when there is a need to generate the needed ZIP and JSON files to pass to the DPU. This is done at inception ("time 0") which is when the host is still in a "safe" state.

Generating the needed files can be done by running DOCA App Shield's doca_apsh_config.py tool on the host. See NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Programming Guide for more info.

3. Application Architecture

The user creates three mandatory files using the DOCA tool doca_apsh_config.py and copies them to the DPU. The application can report attestation results to the:

File
Terminal
DTS

The files are generated by running doca_apsh_config.py on the host against the process at time zero.

Note:

The actions 2-5 recur at regular time intervals.
The App Shield agent requests new attestation from DOCA App Shield library.
The DOCA App Shield library creates a new attestation:
1. Scans and hashes process memory pages (that are currently in use).
2. Compares the hash to the original hash.
3. Creates attestation for each lib/exe involved in the process. Each of attestation includes the number of valid pages and the number of pages.
The App Shield agent searches each attestation for inconsistency between number of used pages and number of valid pages.
The App Shield agent reports results with a timestamp and scan count to:
1. Local telemetry files – a folder and files representing the data a real DTS would have received. These files are used for the purposes of this example only as normally this data is not exported into user-readable files.
2. DOCA log (without scan count).
3. DTS IPC interface (even if no DTS is active).
The App Shield agent exits on first attestation failure.

4. DOCA Libraries

This application leverages following DOCA libraries:

5. Configuration Flow

Parse application argument.

Initialize arg parser resources and register DOCA general parameters.

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            doca_argp_init();

Register application parameters.

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            register_apsh_params();

Parse app flags.

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            doca_argp_start();

Initialize DOCA App Shield lib context.

Create lib context.

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            doca_apsh_create();

Set DMA device for lib.

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            doca_devinfo_list_create();
doca_dev_open();
doca_devinfo_list_destroy();
doca_apsh_dma_dev_set();

Start the context.

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            doca_apsh_start();
apsh_system_init();

Initialize DOCA App Shield lib system context handler.

Get the representor of the remote PCIe function exposed to the system.

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            doca_devinfo_remote_list_create();
doca_dev_remote_open();
doca_devinfo_remote_list_destroy();

Create and start the system context handler.

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            doca_apsh_system_create();
doca_apsh_sys_os_symbol_map_set();
doca_apsh_sys_mem_region_set();
doca_apsh_sys_dev_set();
doca_apsh_sys_os_type_set();
doca_apsh_system_start();

Find target process by PID.

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            doca_apsh_processes_get();

Telemetry initialization.
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            telemetry_start();
        
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1. Initialize a new telemetry schema.
2. Register attestation type event.
3. Set up output to file (in addition to default IPC).
4. Start the telemetry schema.
5. Initialize and start a new DTS source with the gethostname() name as source ID.

Get initial attestation of the process.

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            doca_apsh_attestation_get();

Loop until attestation validation fail.

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            doca_apsh_attst_refresh();
/* validation logic */
doca_telemetry_source_report();
DOCA_LOG_INFO();
sleep();

DOCA App Shield Agent destroy.

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            doca_apsh_attestation_free();
doca_apsh_processes_free();
doca_apsh_system_destroy();
doca_apsh_destroy();
doca_dev_close();
doca_dev_remote_close();

Telemetry destroy.

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            telemetry_destroy();

Arg parser destroy.

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            doca_argp_destroy();

6. Dependencies

The minimum required firmware version is 24.32.1010.

7. Running the Application

Refer to the following documents:
- NVIDIA DOCA Installation Guide for Linux for details on how to install BlueField-related software.
- NVIDIA DOCA Troubleshooting Guide for any issue you may encounter with the installation, compilation, or execution of DOCA applications.
- NVIDIA DOCA Applications Overview for additional compilation instructions and development tips of DOCA applications.
The App Shield Agent binary is located under /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent. To build the applications together, run:
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```
            
            cd /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/
meson build 
ninja -C build
        
```

To build only the App Shield Agent application:

Edit the following flags in /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/meson_options.txt:
- Set enable_all_applications to false
- Set enable_app_shield_agent to true
Run the commands in step 2.

Note:

doca_app_shield_agent is created under ./build/app_shield_agent/src/.

Application usage:

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            Usage: doca_app_shield_agent [DOCA Flags] [Program Flags]
 
DOCA Flags:
  -h, --help                        Print a help synopsis
  -v, --version                     Print program version information
  -l, --log-level                   Set the log level for the program <CRITICAL=20, ERROR=30, WARNING=40, INFO=50, DEBUG=60>
 
Program Flags:
  -p, --pid                         Process ID of process to be attested
  -e, --ehm <path>                  Exec hash map path
  -m, --memr <path>                 System memory regions map
  -f, --vuid                        VUID of the System device
  -d, --dma                         DMA device name
  -o, --osym <path>                 System OS symbol map path
  -s, --osty <windows|linux>        System OS type - windows/linux
  -t, --time <seconds>              Scan time interval in seconds

Note:

For additional information on the application, use the -h flag:

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            /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent -h

The following steps must be done only once.

Configure the BlueField's firmware.

On the BlueField system, configure the PF base address register and NVME emulation. Run:

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            dpu> mlxconfig -d /dev/mst/mt41686_pciconf0 s PF_BAR2_SIZE=2 PF_BAR2_ENABLE=1 NVME_EMULATION_ENABLE=1

Perform a cold boot from the host. Run:

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            host> ipmitool power cycle

Note:

These configurations can be checked using the following command:

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            dpu> mlxconfig -d /dev/mst/mt41686_pciconf0 q | grep -E "NVME|BAR"

Download target system (host/VM) symbols.

For Ubuntu:

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            host> sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ddebs.list << EOF
deb http://ddebs.ubuntu.com/ $(lsb_release -cs) main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ddebs.ubuntu.com/ $(lsb_release -cs)-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ddebs.ubuntu.com/ $(lsb_release -cs)-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
EOF
host> sudo apt install ubuntu-dbgsym-keyring
host> sudo apt-get update
host> sudo apt-get install linux-image-$(uname -r)-dbgsym

For CentOS:

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            host> yum install --enablerepo=base-debuginfo kernel-devel-$(uname -r) kernel-debuginfo-$(uname -r) kernel-debuginfo-common-$(uname -m)-$(uname -r)

No action is needed for Windows

Perform IOMMU passthrough. This stage is only needed on some of the cases where IOMMU is not enabled by default (e.g., when the host is using an AMD CPU).

Note:

Skip this step if you are not sure whether you need it. Return to it only if DMA fails with a message in dmesg similar to the following:

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            host> dmesg
[ 3839.822897] mlx5_core 0000:81:00.0: AMD-Vi: Event logged [IO_PAGE_FAULT domain=0x0047 address=0x2a0aff8 flags=0x0000]

Locate your OS's grub file (most likely /boot/grub/grub.conf, /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, or /etc/default/grub) and open it for editing. Run:
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            host> vim /etc/default/grub
        
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Search for the line defining GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT and add the argument iommu=pt. For example:

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            GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="iommu=pt <intel/amd>_iommu=on"

Run:

For Ubuntu:

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            host> sudo update-grub
host> ipmitool power cycle

For CentOS:

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            host> grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
host> ipmitool power cycle

For Windows targets only: Turn off Hyper-V capability.

Running the application on BlueField:

Pre-run setup:

The DOCA App Shield library uses huge pages for DMA buffers. Therefore, the user must allocate 42 huge pages. Run:

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            dpu> nr_huge=$(cat /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages)
     nr_huge=$((42+$nr_huge))
     sudo echo $nr_huge > /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages

Create the ZIP and JSON files. Run:

Note:

If the kernel and process .exe have not changed, there no need to redo this step.

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            target-system> cd /opt/mellanox/doca/tools/
target-system> python3 doca_apsh_config.py <pid-of-process-to-monitor> --os <windows/linux> --path <path to dwarf2json executable  or pdbparse-to-json.py>
target-system> cp /opt/mellanox/doca/tools/*.* <shared-folder-with-baremetal>
dpu> scp <shared-folder-with-baremetal>/* <path-to-app-shield-binary>

If the target system does not have DOCA installed, the script can be copied from the BlueField.

The required dwaf2json and pdbparse-to-json.py are not provided with DOCA. Follow the NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Programming Guide for more information.

CLI example for running the app:

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            dpu> /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent -p 13577 -e hash.zip -m mem_regions.json -o symbols.json -f MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F0VF1 -d mlx5_0 -t 3 -s linux

8. Arg Parser DOCA Flags

Refer to NVIDIA DOCA Arg Parser Programming Guide for more information.

Flag Type	Short Flag	Long Flag/JSON Key	Description
General flags	l	log-level	Set the log level for the application: CRITICAL=20 ERROR=30 WARNING=40 INFO=50 DEBUG=60
	v	version	Print program version information
	h	help	Print a help synopsis
Program flags	p	pid	PID of the process to be attested
	e	ehm	Path to the pre-generated `hash.zip` file transferred from the host
	m	memr	Path to the pre-generated `mem_regions.json` file transfered from the host
	f	pcif	System PCIe function vendor unique identifier (VUID) of the VF/PF exposed to the target system. Used for DMA operations. To obtain this argument, run: Copy Copied! `target-system> lspci -vv \| grep "\[VU\] Vendor specific:"` Example output: Copy Copied! `[VU] Vendor specific: MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F0 [VU] Vendor specific: MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F1` Two VUIDs are printed for each DPU connected to the target system. The first is of the DPU on `pf0` and the second is of the DPU on port `pf1`. Note: Running this command on the DPU outputs VUIDs with an additional "EC" string in the middle. You must remove the "EC" to arrive at the correct VUID. The VUID of a VF allocated on PF0/1 is the VUID of the PF with an additional suffix, VF<vf-number>, where vf-number is the VF index +1. For example, for the output in the example above: PF0 VUID = MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F0 PF1 VUID = MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F1 VUID of VF0 on PF0 = MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F0VF1 VUIDs are persistent even on reset.
	d	dma	DMA device name to use
	o	osym	Path to the pre-generated `symbols.json` file transferred from the host
	s	osty	OS type (`windows` or `linux`) of the system where the process is running
	t	time	Number of seconds to sleep between scans

9. References

/opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/src/

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