Deploying Dynamo on Kubernetes

High-level guide to Dynamo Kubernetes deployments. Start here, then dive into specific guides.

Important Terminology

Kubernetes Namespace: The K8s namespace where your DynamoGraphDeployment resource is created.

• Used for: Resource isolation, RBAC, organizing deployments
• Example: dynamo-system, dynamo-cloud, team-a-namespace

Dynamo Namespace: The logical namespace used by Dynamo components for service discovery.

• Used for: Runtime component communication, service discovery
• Specified in: .spec.services.<ServiceName>.dynamoNamespace field
• Example: my-llm, production-model, dynamo-dev

These are independent. A single Kubernetes namespace can host multiple Dynamo namespaces, and vice versa.

Pre-deployment Checks

Before deploying the platform, it is recommended to run the pre-deployment checks to ensure the cluster is ready for deployment. Please refer to the pre-deployment checks for more details.

1. Install Platform First

$
# 1. Set environment
$
export NAMESPACE=dynamo-system
$
export RELEASE_VERSION=0.x.x # any version of Dynamo 0.3.2+ listed at https://github.com/ai-dynamo/dynamo/releases
$
$
# 2. Install CRDs (skip if on shared cluster where CRDs already exist)
$
helm fetch https://helm.ngc.nvidia.com/nvidia/ai-dynamo/charts/dynamo-crds-${RELEASE_VERSION}.tgz
$
helm install dynamo-crds dynamo-crds-${RELEASE_VERSION}.tgz --namespace default
$
$
# 3. Install Platform
$
helm fetch https://helm.ngc.nvidia.com/nvidia/ai-dynamo/charts/dynamo-platform-${RELEASE_VERSION}.tgz
$
helm install dynamo-platform dynamo-platform-${RELEASE_VERSION}.tgz --namespace ${NAMESPACE} --create-namespace

For Shared/Multi-Tenant Clusters:

If your cluster has namespace-restricted Dynamo operators, add this flag to step 3:

$
--set dynamo-operator.namespaceRestriction.enabled=true

For more details or customization options (including multinode deployments), see Installation Guide for Dynamo Kubernetes Platform.

2. Choose Your Backend

Each backend has deployment examples and configuration options:

3. Deploy Your First Model

$
export NAMESPACE=dynamo-system
$
kubectl create namespace ${NAMESPACE}
$
$
# to pull model from HF
$
export HF_TOKEN=<Token-Here>
$
kubectl create secret generic hf-token-secret \
>
  --from-literal=HF_TOKEN="$HF_TOKEN" \
>
  -n ${NAMESPACE};
$
$
# Deploy any example (this uses vLLM with Qwen model using aggregated serving)
$
kubectl apply -f examples/backends/vllm/deploy/agg.yaml -n ${NAMESPACE}
$
$
# Check status
$
kubectl get dynamoGraphDeployment -n ${NAMESPACE}
$
$
# Test it
$
kubectl port-forward svc/vllm-agg-frontend 8000:8000 -n ${NAMESPACE}
$
curl http://localhost:8000/v1/models

For SLA-based autoscaling, see SLA Planner Quick Start Guide.

Understanding Dynamo’s Custom Resources

Dynamo provides two main Kubernetes Custom Resources for deploying models:

DynamoGraphDeploymentRequest (DGDR) - Simplified SLA-Driven Configuration

The recommended approach for generating optimal configurations. DGDR provides a high-level interface where you specify:

• Model name and backend framework
• SLA targets (latency requirements)
• GPU type (optional)

Dynamo automatically handles profiling and generates an optimized DGD spec in the status. Perfect for:

• SLA-driven configuration generation
• Automated resource optimization
• Users who want simplicity over control

Note: DGDR generates a DGD spec which you can then use to deploy.

DynamoGraphDeployment (DGD) - Direct Configuration

A lower-level interface that defines your complete inference pipeline:

• Model configuration
• Resource allocation (GPUs, memory)
• Scaling policies
• Frontend/backend connections

Use this when you need fine-grained control or have already completed profiling.

Refer to the API Reference and Documentation for more details.

📖 API Reference & Documentation

For detailed technical specifications of Dynamo’s Kubernetes resources:

• API Reference - Complete CRD field specifications for all Dynamo resources
• Create Deployment - Step-by-step deployment creation with DynamoGraphDeployment
• Operator Guide - Dynamo operator configuration and management

Choosing Your Architecture Pattern

When creating a deployment, select the architecture pattern that best fits your use case:

• Development / Testing - Use agg.yaml as the base configuration
• Production with Load Balancing - Use agg_router.yaml to enable scalable, load-balanced inference
• High Performance / Disaggregated - Use disagg_router.yaml for maximum throughput and modular scalability

Frontend and Worker Components

You can run the Frontend on one machine (e.g., a CPU node) and workers on different machines (GPU nodes). The Frontend serves as a framework-agnostic HTTP entry point that:

• Provides OpenAI-compatible /v1/chat/completions endpoint
• Auto-discovers backend workers via service discovery (Kubernetes-native by default)
• Routes requests and handles load balancing
• Validates and preprocesses requests

Customizing Your Deployment

Example structure:

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apiVersion: nvidia.com/v1alpha1
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kind: DynamoGraphDeployment
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metadata:
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  name: my-llm
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spec:
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  services:
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    Frontend:
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      dynamoNamespace: my-llm
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      componentType: frontend
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      replicas: 1
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      extraPodSpec:
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        mainContainer:
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          image: your-image
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    VllmDecodeWorker:  # or SGLangDecodeWorker, TrtllmDecodeWorker
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      dynamoNamespace: dynamo-dev
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      componentType: worker
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      replicas: 1
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      envFromSecret: hf-token-secret  # for HuggingFace models
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      resources:
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        limits:
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          gpu: "1"
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      extraPodSpec:
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        mainContainer:
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          image: your-image
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          command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
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          args:
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            - python3 -m dynamo.vllm --model YOUR_MODEL [--your-flags]

Worker command examples per backend:

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# vLLM worker
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args:
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  - python3 -m dynamo.vllm --model Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B
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# SGLang worker
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args:
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  - >-
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    python3 -m dynamo.sglang
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    --model-path deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B
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    --tp 1
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    --trust-remote-code
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# TensorRT-LLM worker
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args:
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  - python3 -m dynamo.trtllm
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    --model-path deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B
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    --served-model-name deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B
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    --extra-engine-args /workspace/examples/backends/trtllm/engine_configs/deepseek-r1-distill-llama-8b/agg.yaml

Key customization points include:

• Model Configuration: Specify model in the args command
• Resource Allocation: Configure GPU requirements under resources.limits
• Scaling: Set replicas for number of worker instances
• Routing Mode: Enable KV-cache routing by setting DYN_ROUTER_MODE=kv in Frontend envs
• Worker Specialization: Add --is-prefill-worker flag for disaggregated prefill workers

Additional Resources

• Examples - Complete working examples
• Create Custom Deployments - Build your own CRDs
• Managing Models with DynamoModel - Deploy LoRA adapters and manage models
• Operator Documentation - How the platform works
• Service Discovery - Discovery backends and configuration
• Helm Charts - For advanced users
• GitOps Deployment with FluxCD - For advanced users
• Logging - For logging setup
• Multinode Deployment - For multinode deployment
• Grove - For grove details and custom installation
• Monitoring - For monitoring setup
• Model Caching with Fluid - For model caching with Fluid