Memory Tuning#

Stable docs: @docs/parallelisms.md Card: @skills/nemo-mbridge-perf-memory-tuning/card.yaml

What It Is#

GPU OOM failures during training often stem from memory fragmentation rather than raw capacity. PyTorch’s default CUDA allocator can leave unusable gaps between allocations. The single most effective fix is:

export PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True

This tells PyTorch to use expandable (non-fixed-size) memory segments, which dramatically reduces fragmentation and often eliminates borderline OOM without any model or parallelism changes.

Beyond fragmentation, actual peak memory is determined by:

Parameter + optimizer state memory — controlled by TP, PP, DP sharding (distributed optimizer, FSDP)
Activation memory — controlled by activation recompute, sequence length, micro-batch size, and PEFT-specific retention of gathered inputs
Temporary / workspace memory — CUDA kernels, NCCL buffers, CUDA graphs

For configuration planning, use the Bridge theoretical estimator before launching large jobs:

from megatron.bridge.training.utils.theoretical_memory_utils import estimate_training_memory

estimate = estimate_training_memory(cfg, num_microbatches=num_microbatches)

The estimator reports the most-loaded GPU shard and separates dense/embedding, routed MoE expert, and activation components. It does not include allocator fragmentation, CUDA/NCCL workspace, CUDA graph buffers, token imbalance, or dispatcher workspace, so validate final configs with runtime memory metrics.

Quick Decision#

When a training run OOMs or is close to the memory limit:

Set PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True first. This fixes fragmentation-induced OOM with zero performance cost. Most Slurm launch templates already include it.
For LoRA with sequence parallelism, enable input re-gather (LoRA(sequence_parallel_input_regather=True)). This avoids retaining the full gathered LoRA-A input in every eligible layer; it has no effect when SP is disabled.
Add selective activation recompute (recompute_modules=[core_attn]) if not already enabled. See @skills/nemo-mbridge-perf-activation-recompute/SKILL.md.
Avoid increasing TP as a memory fix — doubling TP dramatically increases NVLink all-reduce volume and often kills throughput (-28% on Llama3 70B).
Avoid increasing PP at the cost of DP — halving DP doubles gradient accumulation steps and hurts throughput (~6%).
Consider mlp recompute if still OOM. Saves ~3 GB but costs ~16% GPU utilization on large dense models (Llama3 70B).
CPU offloading is blocked when PP > 1.

Enablement#

Expandable segments (recommended first step)#

Set in the job’s environment before launching:

export PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True

In Slurm scripts this is typically placed alongside other env vars:

export CUDA_DEVICE_MAX_CONNECTIONS=1
export NVTE_ALLOW_NONDETERMINISTIC_ALGO=1
export PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True

No model config changes needed. Zero throughput cost.

Parallelism resizing#

If the model genuinely does not fit (not fragmentation), adjust parallelism:

Strategy	Memory effect	Throughput cost	Notes
Increase PP (keeping DP)	Fewer layers per stage	Moderate (~6% if DP halved)	Only if GPU count allows
Increase TP	Fewer params per GPU	Severe (-28% on 70B)	Last resort
Distributed optimizer	Shards optimizer state across DP ranks	~1-2%	Recommended for large models
FSDP	Shards params + grads + optimizer	Varies	See @skills/nemo-mbridge-perf-megatron-fsdp/SKILL.md

Activation recompute#

See @skills/nemo-mbridge-perf-activation-recompute/SKILL.md for full details.

PEFT + sequence-parallel input re-gather#

For LoRA training with sequence parallelism, eligible column-parallel linear_qkv and linear_fc1 adapters consume a gathered LayerNorm output. Because LoRA-A is trainable, the default path retains that full gathered input until backward for the LoRA-A weight gradient.

Enable input re-gather when constructing the PEFT config:

from megatron.bridge.peft.lora import LoRA

cfg.peft = LoRA(
    # Keep the recipe's existing LoRA settings here.
    sequence_parallel_input_regather=True,
)

With this option, forward still materializes the full input temporarily for the LoRA-A GEMM, but MCore autograd retains only its sequence-local shard. Backward asynchronously gathers the full input again, overlaps the collective with dgrad when possible, computes the LoRA-A weight gradient, and then reuses the temporary communication buffer.

This is a memory-for-communication tradeoff, not conventional activation checkpointing: no LayerNorm, attention, MLP, or LoRA GEMM is rerun. Some throughput degradation is expected, and the benefit grows with the amount of eligible LoRA-A activation retained. The option has no effect when sequence parallelism is disabled.

CPU offloading#

cfg.model.cpu_offloading = True

Incompatible with PP > 1. Only usable when pipeline_model_parallel_size = 1.

A Note on VPP#

Virtual pipeline parallelism (VPP) is primarily a throughput optimization that reduces pipeline bubble overhead by interleaving smaller model chunks. Its effect on peak memory is minimal — changing VPP does not meaningfully change the total activation, parameter, or optimizer memory on a GPU.

In earlier experiments we incorrectly attributed an OOM fix to VPP tuning (VPP 5→10). The actual fix was PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True which eliminated memory fragmentation. The VPP=10 run actually used slightly more peak memory (60.2 GB vs 58.8 GB) but did not OOM because expandable segments prevented fragmentation.

VPP should be tuned for pipeline bubble reduction (see @docs/parallelisms.md), not as a memory fix.

Compatibility and Constraints#

expandable_segments:True is incompatible with --use-nccl-ub (NCCL user-buffer registration). See Megatron-FSDP docs.
When using CUDA graphs with expandable_segments:True, set NCCL_GRAPH_REGISTER=0 (required on pre-Blackwell GPUs, enforced by MCore CudaGraphManager).
CPU offloading requires pipeline_model_parallel_size = 1.
Distributed optimizer requires use_distributed_optimizer = True in the optimizer config.
sequence_parallel_input_regather applies only to eligible non-expert column-parallel LoRA-A projections. Row-parallel adapters, expert adapters, TP=1, CUDA graphs, CPU activation offload, and overlapping full-layer or selective MLP activation recompute fall back to the existing path.

Measured Results#

Llama3 70B SFT on 32x H100 80GB, FP8 (Current Scaling):

Baseline: TP=4, PP=4, VPP=5, DP=2, MBS=1, GBS=32, seq_len=4096
Golden GPU utilization: 709.93 TFLOP/s/GPU
Regression threshold: 5%

Strategy comparison: parallelism changes for memory reduction#

Experiment	TP	PP	VPP	DP	TFLOP/s/GPU	vs Golden	Peak Mem (GB)	Result
Baseline	4	4	5	2	~704	-0.8%	58.8	OOM (fragmentation)
More PP	4	8	5	1	668.0	-5.9%	53.2	Borderline perf
More TP	8	4	5	1	508.7	-28.4%	50.2	Severe regression
Baseline + expandable_segments	4	4	5	2	~704	-0.8%	~59	Passed

Key takeaways:

expandable_segments:True is the winner. The baseline OOM was caused by memory fragmentation, not insufficient capacity. Setting this env var eliminated the OOM with zero throughput cost and no parallelism changes.
PP=8 works for memory but loses DP (2→1), meaning 32 gradient accumulation steps per batch, which hurts throughput by ~6%.
TP=8 is catastrophic (-28%) because doubling TP increases all-reduce communication volume proportionally across NVLink, and DP=1 means no micro-batch overlap.

CPU offloading: blocked#

Experiment	offload_layers	Result
Exp 4	2	Incompatible (PP > 1)
Exp 5	4	Incompatible (PP > 1)
Exp 6	6	Incompatible (PP > 1)

ValueError: Currently there is no support for Pipeline parallelism with CPU offloading. This approach is blocked for any model using PP > 1.

Activation recompute: expensive alternative#

Selective activation recompute with mlp saved ~3 GB peak memory but cost ~16% GPU utilization on this workload. See @skills/nemo-mbridge-perf-activation-recompute/SKILL.md for full results.

LoRA + SP input re-gather#

Real-checkpoint H100 training with SQuAD showed lower peak memory in all tested configurations, with workload-dependent throughput cost:

Model/config	Baseline peak	Input re-gather peak	Memory saved	Throughput change
Qwen3-8B, TP2, seq 8192	47.545 GB	42.814 GB	4.731 GB (10.0%)	-6.74%
Qwen3-30B-A3B, TP4/EP4	29.890 GB	28.321 GB	1.569 GB (5.2%)	-2.89%
GPT-OSS-120B, TP2/EP8	52.185 GB	51.371 GB	0.814 GB (1.6%)	-0.34%

All runs had finite losses with zero skipped or NaN iterations. Two-rank BF16 and FP32 checks matched the baseline for outputs, input gradients, LoRA-A and LoRA-B gradients, and two-microbatch fused main_grad accumulation.

Code Anchors#

LoRA sequence-parallel input re-gather#

src/megatron/bridge/peft/lora.py
    LoRA.sequence_parallel_input_regather

src/megatron/bridge/peft/utils.py
    ParallelLinearAdapter._sequence_parallel_input_regather_eligibility()
    ParallelLinearAdapter.forward()

CPU offloading PP incompatibility (MCore)#

        if self.cpu_offloading and self.pipeline_model_parallel_size > 1:
            raise ValueError(
                "Currently there is no support for Pipeline parallelism with CPU offloading"
            )

VPP config and layer divisibility validation (MCore)#

            if pipeline_parallel_size and self.virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size is not None:
                num_layers_per_middle_pipeline_rank = num_layers // pipeline_parallel_size
                if (
                    not num_layers_per_middle_pipeline_rank
                    % self.virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size
                    == 0
                ):
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"number of layers on each middle pipeline rank:"
                        f"{num_layers_per_middle_pipeline_rank} must be divisible by virtual"
                        f"pipeline parallel degree {self.virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size}"
                    )

Parallelism docs on interleaved pipeline schedule#

To minimize the pipeline bubble, the computation on each GPU can be divided into multiple subsets of layers (referred to as model chunks), rather than a single contiguous block. Enable this by setting `virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size`:

model_config = GPTModelProvider(
    pipeline_model_parallel_size=4,
    virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size=2,  # 2 model chunks per pipeline stage
    # ... other model parameters
)

Failure Diagnosis#

Symptom	Cause	Confirm	Fix
OOM on a single rank despite headroom on others	Memory fragmentation	check if `expandable_segments:True` is set	set `PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True`
OOM with `expandable_segments` already set	Genuine capacity limit	check `nvidia-smi` for param/optimizer memory	increase PP, use distributed optimizer, or add recompute
Estimated memory exceeds GPU capacity before launch	model state or activations genuinely too large	run `estimate_training_memory` and inspect the largest component	adjust PP/TP/CP/EP, distributed optimizer, or recompute before launching
LoRA + SP retains unexpectedly high activation memory	full gathered LoRA-A inputs are retained until backward	check whether `cfg.peft.sequence_parallel_input_regather` is enabled and the target is eligible	set `LoRA(sequence_parallel_input_regather=True)`; verify fallback constraints
`ValueError: PP + CPU offloading`	using cpu_offloading with PP > 1	check PP config	disable CPU offloading or set PP=1
`RuntimeError` with `--use-nccl-ub` + expandable segments	NCCL UB incompatible with expandable allocator	check env vars	remove `expandable_segments:True` or disable `--use-nccl-ub`

Known Limitations#

CPU offloading is blocked when PP > 1
Parallelism resizing (TP/PP) often has significant throughput costs
The theoretical estimator is formula-based and does not replace runtime profiling or CUDA memory reports
LoRA input re-gather does not cover row-parallel or expert adapters and may have negligible benefit when few eligible LoRA-A activations dominate memory

Verification#

Quick check that expandable_segments:True is active:

import os
assert "expandable_segments:True" in os.environ.get("PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF", "")

For Slurm jobs, verify the env var is exported before the training command in the launch script.

For LoRA + SP input re-gather, run the focused configuration tests and the real two-rank MCore backward-parity test:

uv run python -m pytest \
  tests/unit_tests/peft/test_utils.py -k "sequence_parallel_input_regather" \
  tests/unit_tests/peft/test_lora.py -k "sequence_parallel_input_regather"

uv run python -m torch.distributed.run --nproc_per_node=2 -m pytest \
  tests/unit_tests/peft/test_lora_sp_input_regather_distributed.py