RetinaNet

With RetinaNet, the following tasks are supported:

  • dataset_convert

  • train

  • evaluate

  • prune

  • inference

  • export

These tasks may be invoked from the TAO Toolkit Launcher by following the below mentioned convention from command line:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet <sub_task> <args_per_subtask>

where, args_per_subtask are the command line arguments required for a given subtask. Each of these sub-tasks are explained in detail below.

The object detection apps in TAO Toolkit expect data in KITTI format for training and evaluation.

See the Data Annotation Format page for more information about the KITTI data format.

The RetinaNet dataloader supports the raw KITTI formatted data as well as TFrecords.

To use TFRecords for optimized iteration across the data batches, the the raw input data need to be converted to TFRecords format first. This can be done using the dataset_convert subtask. Currently, the KITTI and COCO formats are supported.

The dataset_convert tool requires a configuration file as input. Details of the configuration file and examples are included in the following sections.

Configuration File for Dataset Converter

The dataset_convert tool provides several configurable parameters. The parameters are encapsulated in a spec file to convert data from the original annotation format to the TFRecords format which the trainer can ingest. KITTI and COCO formats can be configured by using either kitti_config or coco_config respectively. You may use only one of the two in a single spec file. The spec file is a prototxt format file with following global parameters:

  • kitti_config: A nested prototxt configuration with multiple input parameters

  • coco_config: A nested prototxt configuration with multiple input parameters

  • image_directory_path: The path to the dataset root. The image_dir_name is appended to this path to get the input images and must be the same path specified in the experiment spec file.

  • target_class_mapping: The prototxt dictionary that maps the class names in the tfrecords to the target class to be trained in the network.

kitti_config

Here are descriptions of the configurable parameters for the kitti_config field:

Parameter

Datatype

Default

Description

Supported Values

root_directory_path

string

The path to the dataset root directory

image_dir_name

string

The relative path to the directory containing images from the path in root_directory_path.

label_dir_name

string

The relative path to the directory containing labels from the path in root_directory_path.

partition_mode

string

The method employed when partitioning the data to multiple folds. Two methods are supported:

  • Random partitioning: The data is divided in to 2 folds, train and val. This mode requires that the val_split parameter be set.

  • Sequence-wise partitioning: The data is divided into n partitions (defined by the num_partitions parameter) based on the number of sequences available.

  • random

  • sequence

num_partitions

int

2 (if partition_mode is random)

The number of partitions to use to split the data (N folds). This field is ignored when the partition model is set to random, as by default only two partitions are generated: val and train. In sequence mode, the data is split into n-folds. The number of partitions is ideally fewer than the total number of sequences in the kitti_sequence_to_frames file.

n=2 for random partition n< number of sequences in the kitti_sequence_to_frames_file

image_extension

str

.png

The extension of the images in the image_dir_name parameter.

.png .jpg .jpeg

val_split

float

20

The percentage of data to be separated for validation. This only works under “random” partition mode. This partition is available in fold 0 of the TFrecords generated. Set the validation fold to 0 in the dataset_config.

0-100

kitti_sequence_to_frames_file

str

The name of the KITTI sequence to frame mapping file. This file must be present within the dataset root as mentioned in the root_directory_path.

num_shards

int

10

The number of shards per fold.

1-20

The sample configuration file shown below converts the 100% KITTI dataset to the training set.

Copy
Copied!
            

kitti_config { root_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/" image_dir_name: "training/image_2" label_dir_name: "training/label_2" image_extension: ".png" partition_mode: "random" num_partitions: 2 val_split: 0 num_shards: 10 } image_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/" target_class_mapping { key: "car" value: "car" } target_class_mapping { key: "pedestrian" value: "pedestrian" } target_class_mapping { key: "cyclist" value: "cyclist" } target_class_mapping { key: "van" value: "car" } target_class_mapping { key: "person_sitting" value: "pedestrian" } target_class_mapping { key: "truck" value: "car" }


coco_config

Here are descriptions of the configurable parameters for the coco_config field:

Parameter

Datatype

Default

Description

Supported Values

root_directory_path

string

The path to the dataset root directory

image_dir_names

string (repated)

The relative path to the directory containing images from the path in root_directory_path for each partition.

annotation_files

string (repated)

The relative path to the directory containing JSON file from the path in root_directory_path for each partition.

num_partitions

int

2

The number of partitions in the data. The number of partition must match the length of the list for image_dir_names and annotation_files. By default, two partitions are generated: val and train.

n==len(annotation_files)

num_shards

int (repeated)

[10]

The number of shards per partitions. If only one value is provided, same number of shards is applied in all partitions

The sample configuration file shown below converts the COCO dataset with training and validation data where number of shard is 32 for validation and 256 for training.

Copy
Copied!
            

coco_config { root_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/coco" img_dir_names: ["val2017", "train2017"] annotation_files: ["annotations/instances_val2017.json", "annotations/instances_train2017.json"] num_partitions: 2 num_shards: [32, 256] } image_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/coco"

Sample Usage of the Dataset Converter Tool

The dataset_convert tool is described below:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet dataset-convert [-h] -d DATASET_EXPORT_SPEC -o OUTPUT_FILENAME [-v]

You can use the following arguments:

  • -h, --help: Show this help message and exit

  • -d, --dataset-export-spec: The path to the detection dataset spec containing the config for exporting .tfrecord files

  • -o, --output_filename: The output filename

  • -v: Enable verbose mode to show debug messages

The following example shows how to use the command with the dataset:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet dataset_convert -d /path/to/spec.txt -o /path/to/tfrecords/train


Below is a sample for the RetinaNet spec file. It has 6 major components: retinanet_config, training_config, eval_config, nms_config, augmentation_config and dataset_config. The format of the spec file is a protobuf text (prototxt) message and each of its fields can be either a basic data type or a nested message. The top level structure of the spec file is summarized in the table below:

Copy
Copied!
            

random_seed: 42 retinanet_config { aspect_ratios_global: "[1.0, 2.0, 0.5]" scales: "[0.045, 0.09, 0.2, 0.4, 0.55, 0.7]" two_boxes_for_ar1: false clip_boxes: false loss_loc_weight: 0.8 focal_loss_alpha: 0.25 focal_loss_gamma: 2.0 variances: "[0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2]" arch: "resnet" nlayers: 18 n_kernels: 1 n_anchor_levels: 1 feature_size: 256 freeze_bn: false freeze_blocks: 0 } training_config { enable_qat: False batch_size_per_gpu: 24 num_epochs: 100 pretrain_model_path: "YOUR_PRETRAINED_MODEL" optimizer { sgd { momentum: 0.9 nesterov: True } } learning_rate { soft_start_annealing_schedule { min_learning_rate: 4e-5 max_learning_rate: 1.5e-2 soft_start: 0.15 annealing: 0.5 } } regularizer { type: L1 weight: 2e-5 } } eval_config { validation_period_during_training: 10 average_precision_mode: SAMPLE batch_size: 24 matching_iou_threshold: 0.5 } nms_config { confidence_threshold: 0.01 clustering_iou_threshold: 0.6 top_k: 200 } augmentation_config { output_width: 384 output_height: 1248 output_channel: 3 image_mean { key: 'b' value: 103.9 } image_mean { key: 'g' value: 116.8 } image_mean { key: 'r' value: 123.7 } } dataset_config { data_sources: { # option 1 tfrecords_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/tfrecords/kitti_train*" # option 2 # label_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/training/label_2" # image_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/training/image_2" } target_class_mapping { key: "car" value: "car" } target_class_mapping { key: "pedestrian" value: "pedestrian" } target_class_mapping { key: "cyclist" value: "cyclist" } target_class_mapping { key: "van" value: "car" } target_class_mapping { key: "person_sitting" value: "pedestrian" } validation_data_sources: { label_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/val/label" image_directory_path: "/workspace/tao-experiments/data/val/image" } }

Training Config

The training configuration(training_config) defines the parameters needed for the training, evaluation and inference. Details are summarized in the table below.

Field

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

batch_size_per_gpu

The batch size for each GPU, so the effective batch size is batch_size_per_gpu * num_gpus.

Unsigned int, positive

num_epochs

The number of epochs to train the network

Unsigned int, positive.

enable_qat

Whether to use quantization aware training. RetinaNet does not support loading a pruned non-QAT model and retraining it with QAT enabled, or vice versa. To get a pruned QAT model, perform the initial training with QAT enabled or enable_qat=True.

Boolean

learning_rate

Only soft_start_annealing_schedule with the following nested parameters is supported:

  1. min_learning_rate: The minimum learning rate during the entire experiment

  2. max_learning_rate: The maximum learning rate during the entire experiment

  3. soft_start: The time to lapse before warm up (expressed as a percentage of progress between 0 and 1)

  4. annealing: The time to start annealing the learning rate

Message type.

regularizer

This parameter configures the regularizer to be used while training and contains the following nested parameters.

  1. type: The type of regularizer to use. NVIDIA supports NO_REG, L1 or L2

  2. weight: The floating point value for regularizer weight

Message type.

L1 (Note: NVIDIA suggests using L1 regularizer when training a network before pruning as L1 regularization helps making the network weights more prunable.)

optimizer

This parameter can be either “adam”, “sgd”, or “rmsprop”. Each type has following parameters:

  1. adam: epsilon, beta1, beta2, amsgrad

  2. sgd: momentum, nesterov

  3. rmsprop: rho, momentum, epsilon, centered

The definition of the above parameters is the same as those in Keras (keras.io/api/optimizers)

Message type.

pretrain_model_path

The path to the pretrained model, if any.

At most one of pretrain_model_path, resume_model_path, pruned_model_path may present.

String

resume_model_path

The path to the TAO checkpoint model to resume training, if any.

At most one of pretrain_model_path, resume_model_path, pruned_model_path may present.

String

pruned_model_path

The path to a TAO pruned model for re-training, if any.

At most one of pretrain_model_path, resume_model_path, pruned_model_path may present.

String

checkpoint_interval

The number of training epochs that should run per one model checkpoint/validation

Unsigned int, positive

10

max_queue_size

The number of prefetch batches in data loading

Unsigned int, positive

n_workers

The number of workers for data loading (set to less than 4 when using tfrecords as data ingestiion)

Unsigned int, positive

use_multiprocessing

Whether to use multiprocessing mode of keras sequence data loader

Boolean

visualizer

The training visualization config

Message type

early_stopping

The early stopping config

Message type

Note

The learning rate is automatically scaled with the number of GPUs used during training, or the effective learning rate is learning_rate * n_gpu.

Training Visualization Config

Visualization during training is configured with the visualizer parameter, which contains the parameters described below.

Parameter

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

enabled

Whether to enable or disable visualization

Boolean

num_images

The maximum number of images to be visualized in TensorBoard

Integer

3

If visualization is enabled, the tensorboard log will be produced during training including the graphs for learning rate, training loss, validation loss, validation mAP and validation AP of each class. The augmented images with bboxes will also be produced in the tensorboard.

Early Stopping

The parameters for early stopping are described in the table below.

Parameter

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

monitor

The metric to monitor in order to enable early stopping

String

loss

patience

The number of checks of the monitor value before stopping the training

Integer

min_delta

The delta of the minimum value of the monitor value below which it is classified as not decreasing

Float

Evaluation Config

The evaluation configuration (eval_config) defines the parameters needed for the evaluation either during training or standalone. Details are summarized in the table below.

Field

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

validation_period_during_training

The number of training epochs per which one validation should run.

Unsigned int, positive

10

average_precision_mode

Average Precision (AP) calculation mode can be either SAMPLE or INTEGRATE. SAMPLE is used as VOC metrics for VOC 2009 or before. INTEGRATE is used for VOC 2010 or after that.

ENUM type ( SAMPLE or INTEGRATE)

SAMPLE

matching_iou_threshold

The lowest IoU of predicted box and ground truth box that can be considered a match.

Boolean

0.5

NMS Config

The NMS configuration (nms_config) defines the parameters needed for the NMS postprocessing. NMS config applies to the NMS layer of the model in training, validation, evaluation, inference and export. Details are summarized in the table below.

Field

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

confidence_threshold

Boxes with a confidence score less than confidence_threshold are discarded before applying NMS.

float

0.01

cluster_iou_threshold

The IoU threshold below which boxes will go through the NMS process.

float

0.6

top_k

top_k boxes will be output after the NMS keras layer. If the number of valid boxes is less than k, the returned array will be padded with boxes whose confidence score is 0.

Unsigned int

200

infer_nms_score_bits

The number of bits to represent the score values in NMS plugin in TensorRT OSS. The valid range is integers in [1, 10]. Setting it to any other values will make it fall back to ordinary NMS. Currently this optimized NMS plugin is only available in FP16 but it should also be selected by INT8 data type as there is no INT8 NMS in TensorRT OSS and hence this fastest implementation in FP16 will be selected. If falling back to ordinary NMS, the actual data type when building the engine will decide the exact precision(FP16 or FP32) to run at.

int. In the interval [1, 10].

0

Augmentation Config

The augmentation_config parameter defines the image size after preprocessing. The augmentation methods in the SSD paper will be performed during training, including random flip, zoom-in, zoom-out and color jittering. And the augmented images will be resized to the output shape defined in augmentation_config. In evaluation process, only the resize will be performed.

Note

The details of augmentation methods can be found in setcion 2.2 and 3.6 of the paper.

Field

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

output_channel

Output image channel of augmentation pipeline.

integer

output_width

The width of preprocessed images and the network input.

integer, multiple of 32

output_height

The height of preprocessed images and the network input.

integer, multiple of 32

random_crop_min_scale

Minimum patch scale of RandomCrop augmentation. Default:0.3

float <= 1.0

random_crop_max_scale

Maximum patch scale of RandomCrop augmentation. Default:1.0

float >= 1.0

random_crop_min_ar

Minimum aspect ratio of RandomCrop augmentation. Default:0.5

float > 0

random_crop_max_ar

Maximum aspect ratio of RandomCrop augmentation. Default:2.0

float > 0

zoom_out_min_scale

Minimum scale of ZoomOut augmentation. Default:1.0

float >= 1.0

zoom_out_max_scale

Maximum scale of ZoomOut augmentation. Default:4.0

float >= 1.0

brightness

Brightness delta in color jittering augmentation. Default:32

integer >= 0

contrast

Contrast delta factor in color jitter augmentation. Default:0.5

float of [0, 1)

saturation

Saturation delta factor in color jitter augmentation. Default:0.5

float of [0, 1)

hue

Hue delta in color jittering augmentation. Default:18

integer >= 0

random_flip

Probablity of performing random horizontal flip. Default:0.5

float of [0, 1)

image_mean

A key/value pair to specify image mean values. If omitted, ImageNet mean will be used for image preprocessing. If set, depending on output_channel, either ‘r/g/b’ or ‘l’ key/value pair must be configured.

dict

Note

If set random_crop_min_scale = random_crop_max_scale = 1.0, RandomCrop augmentation will be disabled. Similarly, set zoom_out_min_scale = zoom_out_max_scale = 1, ZoomOut augmentation will be disabled. And all color jitter delta values are set to 0, color jittering augmentation will be disabled.


Dataset Config

The RetinaNet dataloader assumes data are prepared in KITTI format (images and labels in two separate folders where each image in image folder has a txt label file with same filename in label folder. The label file content follows KITTI format) and training/validation split is already done.

The parameters in dataset_config are defined as follows:

  • data_sources: Captures the path to datasets to train on. If you have multiple data sources for training, you may use multiple data_sources. This field contains 3 parameters: * label_directory_path: Path to the data source label folder * image_directory_path: Path to the data source image folder * tfrecords_path: Path to the TFRecords

    When using raw KTTTI formatted data as input, only label_directory_path and image_directory_path are required. When using TFRecords as data ingestion, only tfrecords_path is required.

  • include_difficult_in_training: Whether to include difficult boxes in training. If set to false, difficult boxes will be ignored. Difficult boxes are those with occlusion level 2 in KITTI labels. (only applicable with raw KITTI formatted data)

  • target_class_mapping: This parameter maps the class names in the labels to the target class to be trained in the network. An element is defined for every source class to target class mapping. This field was included with the intention of grouping similar class objects under one umbrella. For example: car, van, heavy_truck etc. may be grouped under automobile. The “key” field is the value of the class name in the tfrecords file, and the “value” field corresponds to the value that the network is expected to learn.

  • validation_data_sources: Captures the path to datasets to validate on. If you have multiple data sources for validation, you may use multiple validation_data_sources. This field contains 2 parameters:

    • label_directory_path: Path to the data source label folder

    • image_directory_path: Path to the data source image folder

Note

The class names key in the target_class_mapping must be identical to the one shown in the KITTI labels so that the correct classes are picked up for training.


Class Weighting Config

RetinaNet supports class-level weighting on the loss function during training. The following is an example of the class weighting configuration (class_weighting_config) to set weights for two classes.

Copy
Copied!
            

class_weighting_config { class_weighting{ key: "person" value: 1.0 } class_weighting{ key: "bus" value: 5.0 } }

The parameters in class_weighting_config are defined as follows:

  • class_weighting: This parameter maps the class name to the corresponding class weight on the loss function. The class weight value should be greater than 0. If a class weight is not explicitly set in the config, a default value of 1.0 will be assigned implicitly.

RetinaNet Config

The RetinaNet configuration (retinanet_config) defines the parameters needed for building the RetinaNet model. Details are summarized in the table below.

Field

Description

Data Type and Constraints

Recommended/Typical Value

aspect_ratios_global

Anchor boxes of aspect ratios defined in aspect_ratios_global will be generated for each feature layer used for prediction. Note: Only one of aspect_ratios_global or aspect_ratios is required.

string

“[1.0, 2.0, 0.5]”

aspect_ratios

The length of the outer list must be equivalent to the number of feature layers used for anchor box generation. And the i-th layer will have anchor boxes with aspect ratios defined in aspect_ratios[i].

Note: Only one of aspect_ratios_global or aspect_ratios is required.

string

“[[1.0,2.0,0.5], [1.0,2.0,0.5], [1.0,2.0,0.5], [1.0,2.0,0.5], [1.0,2.0,0.5], [1.0, 2.0, 0.5, 3.0, 0.33]]”

two_boxes_for_ar1

This setting is only relevant for layers that have 1.0 as the aspect ratio. If two_boxes_for_ar1 is true, two boxes will be generated with an aspect ratio of 1. One whose scale is the scale for this layer and the other one whose scale is the geometric mean of the scale for this layer and the scale for the next layer.

Boolean

True

clip_boxes

If true, all corner anchor boxes will be truncated so they are fully inside the feature images.

Boolean

False

scales

scales is a list of positive floats containing scaling factors per convolutional predictor layer. This list must be one element longer than the number of predictor layers, so if two_boxes_for_ar1 is true, the second aspect ratio 1.0 box for the last layer can have a proper scale. Except for the last element in this list, each positive float is the scaling factor for boxes in that layer. For example, if for one layer the scale is 0.1, then the generated anchor box with aspect ratio 1 for that layer (the first aspect ratio 1 box if two_boxes_for_ar1 is true) will have its height and width as 0.1*min(img_h, img_w).

min_scale and max_scale are two positive floats. If both of them appear in the config, the program can automatically generate the scales by evenly splitting the space between min_scale and max_scale.

string

“[0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.4, 0.55, 0.7, 0.85]”

min_scale/max_scale

If both appear in the config, scales will be generated evenly by splitting the space between min_scale and max_scale.

float

loss_loc_weight

This is a positive float controlling how much location regression loss should contribute to the final loss. The final loss is calculated as classification_loss + loss_loc_weight * loc_loss

float

1.0

focal_loss_alpha

Alpha is the focal loss equation.

float

0.25

focal_loss_gamma

Gamma is the focal loss equation.

float

2.0

variances

Variances should be a list of 4 positive floats. The four floats, in order, represent variances for box center x, box center y, log box height, log box width. The box offset for box center (cx, cy) and log box size (height/width) w.r.t. anchor will be divided by their respective variance value. Therefore, larger variances result in less significant differences between two different boxes on encoded offsets.

steps

An optional list inside quotation marks whose length is the number of feature layers for prediction. The elements should be floats or tuples/lists of two floats. Steps define how many pixels apart the anchor box center points should be. If the element is a float, both vertical and horizontal margin is the same. Otherwise, the first value is step_vertical and the second value is step_horizontal. If steps are not provided, anchor boxes will be distributed uniformly inside the image.

string

offsets

An optional list of floats inside quotation marks whose length is the number of feature layers for prediction. The first anchor box will have offsets[i]*steps[i] pixels margin from the left and top borders. If offsets are not provided, 0.5 will be used as default value.

string

arch

Backbone for feature extraction. Currently, “resnet”, “vgg”, “darknet”, “googlenet”, “mobilenet_v1”, “mobilenet_v2” and “squeezenet”, “efficientnet_b0” are supported.

string

resnet

nlayers

Number of conv layers in specific arch. For “resnet”, 10, 18, 34, 50 and 101 are supported. For “vgg”, 16 and 19 are supported. For “darknet”, 19 and 53 are supported. All other networks don’t have this configuration and users should just delete this config from the config file.

Unsigned int

freeze_bn

Whether to freeze all batch normalization layers during training.

boolean

False

freeze_blocks

The list of block IDs to be frozen in the model during training. You can choose to freeze some of the CNN blocks in the model to make the training more stable and/or easier to converge. The definition of a block is heuristic for a specific architecture. For example, by stride or by logical blocks in the model, etc. However, the block ID numbers identify the blocks in the model in a sequential order so you don’t have to know the exact locations of the blocks when you do training. A general principle to keep in mind is: the smaller the block ID, the closer it is to the model input; the larger the block ID, the closer it is to the model output.

list(repeated integers)

  • ResNet series. For the ResNet series, the block IDs valid for freezing is any subset of [0, 1, 2, 3] (inclusive)

  • VGG series. For the VGG series, the block IDs valid for freezing is any subset of[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] (inclusive)

  • GoogLeNet. For the GoogLeNet, the block IDs valid for freezing is any subset of[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] (inclusive)

  • MobileNet V1. For the MobileNet V1, the block IDs valid for freezing is any subset of [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] (inclusive)

  • MobileNet V2. For the MobileNet V2, the block IDs valid for freezing is any subset of [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] (inclusive)

  • DarkNet. For the DarkNet 19 and DarkNet 53, the block IDs valid for freezing is any subset of [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] (inclusive)

n_kernels

This setting controls the number of convolutional layers in the RetinaNet subnets for classification and anchor box regression. A larger value generates a larger network and usually means the network is harder to train.

Unsigned int

2

feature_size

This setting controls the number of channels of the convolutional layers in the RetinaNet subnets for classification and anchor box regression. A larger value gives a larger network and usually means the network is harder to train.

Note that RetinaNet FPN generates 5 feature maps, thus the scales field requires a list of 6 scaling factors. The last number is not used if two_boxes_for_ar1 is set to False. There are also three underlying scaling factors at each feature map level (2^0, 2^⅓, 2^⅔ ).

Unsigned int

256

n_anchor_levels

Number of anchor levels between two adjacent scales.

Unsigned int

1

Focal loss is calculated as follows:

focal_loss_formula.png

Variances:

variance_offset_calc.png


Train the RetinaNet model using this command:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet train [-h] -e <experiment_spec> -r <output_dir> -k <key> [--gpus <num_gpus>] [--gpu_index <gpu_index>] [--use_amp] [--log_file <log_file_path>]

Required Arguments

  • -r, --results_dir: Path to the folder where the experiment output is written.

  • -k, --key: Provide the encryption key to decrypt the model.

  • -e, --experiment_spec_file: Experiment specification file to set up the evaluation experiment. This should be the same as the training specification file.

Optional Arguments

  • --gpus: The number of GPUs to be used in the training in a multi-GPU scenario (default: 1).

  • --gpu_index: The GPU indices used to run the training. We can specify the GPU indices used to run training when the machine has multiple GPUs installed.

  • --use_amp: A flag to enable AMP training.

  • --log_file: Path to the log file. Defaults to stdout.

  • -h, --help: Show this help message and exit.

Input Requirement

  • Input size: C * W * H (where C = 1 or 3, W >= 128, H >= 128, W, H are multiples of 32)

  • Image format: JPG, JPEG, PNG

  • Label format: KITTI detection

Sample Usage

Here’s an example of using the train command on a RetinaNet model:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet train --gpus 2 -e /path/to/spec.txt -r /path/to/result -k $KEY


To run evaluation for a RetinaNet model use this command:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet evaluate [-h] -e <experiment_spec_file> -m <model_file> -k <key> [--gpu_index <gpu_index>] [--log_file <log_file_path>]

Required Arguments

  • -e, --experiment_spec_file: Experiment spec file to set up the evaluation experiment. This should be the same as the training specification file.

  • -m, --model: Path to the model file to use for evaluation (supports both the TAO model and TensorRT engine).

  • -k, --key: Provide the key to load the TAO model (it’s not needed if a TensorRT engine is used).

Optional Arguments

  • --gpu_index: The GPU index used to run the evaluation. We can specify the GPU index used to run evaluation when the machine has multiple GPUs installed. Note that evaluation can only run on a single GPU.

  • --log_file: Path to the log file. Defaults to stdout.

  • -h, --help: Show this help message and exit.

Sample Usage

Here’s an example of using the evaluate command on a RetinaNet model:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet evaluate -e /path/to/spec.txt -m /path/to/model.tlt -k $KEY


The inference tool for RetinaNet networks can be used to visualize bboxes, or generate frame by frame KITTI format labels on a directory of images. Two modes are supported, namely TAO model model and TensorRT engine mode. You can execute the TAO model mode using the following command:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet inference [-h] -i <input directory> -o <output annotated image directory> -e <experiment spec file> -m <model file> -k <key> [-l <output label directory>] [-t <visualization threshold>] [--gpu_index <gpu_index>] [--log_file <log_file_path>]

Required Arguments

  • -m, --model: Path to the pretrained model (supports both the TAO model and TensorRT engine).

  • -i, --in_image_dir: The directory of input images for inference.

  • -o, --out_image_dir: The directory path to output annotated images.

  • -k, --key: Key to load a TAO model (it’s not needed if a TensorRT engine is used).

  • -e, --config_path: Path to an experiment spec file for training.

Optional Arguments

  • -t, --threshold: Threshold for drawing a bbox. default: 0.3

  • -l, --out_label_dir: The directory to output KITTI labels.

  • --gpu_index: The GPU index to run inference on. We can specify the GPU index used to run inference if the machine has multiple GPUs installed. Note that inference can only run on a single GPU.

  • --log_file: Path to the log file. Defaults to stdout.

  • -h, --help: Show this help message and exit

Sample Usage

Here’s an example of using the inference command on a RetinaNet model:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet inference -e /path/to/spec.txt -m /path/to/model.tlt -k $KEY -o /path/to/output_dir -i /path/to/input_dir


Pruning removes parameters from the model to reduce the model size without compromising the integrity of the model itself using the tao retinanet prune command.

The tao retinanet prune command includes these parameters:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet prune [-h] -m <retinanet model> -o <output_file> -k <key> [-n <normalizer>] [-eq <equalization_criterion>] [-pg <pruning_granularity>] [-pth <pruning threshold>] [-nf <min_num_filters>] [-el [<excluded_list>] [--gpu_index <gpu_index>] [--log_file <log_file_path>]

Required Arguments

  • -m, --model: Path to a pretrained RetinaNet model.

  • -o, --output_file: Path to output checkpoints.

  • -k, --key: Key to load a :code`.tlt` model.

Optional Arguments

  • -n, –normalizer: max to normalize by dividing each norm by the maximum norm within a layer; L2 to normalize by dividing by the L2 norm of the vector comprising all kernel norms. (default: max)

  • -eq, --equalization_criterion: Criteria to equalize the stats of inputs to an element wise op layer, or depth-wise convolutional layer. This parameter is useful for resnets and mobilenets. Options are arithmetic_mean, geometric_mean, union, and intersection. (default: union)

  • -pg, -pruning_granularity: Number of filters to remove at a time. (default:8)

  • -pth: Threshold to compare normalized norm against. (default:0.1)

    Note

    NVIDIA recommends changing the threshold to keep the number of parameters in the model to within 10-20% of the original unpruned model.

  • -nf, --min_num_filters: Minimum number of filters to keep per layer (default:16)

  • -el, --excluded_layers: List of excluded_layers. Examples: -i item1 item2 (default: [])

  • --gpu_index: The GPU index to run pruning on. We can specify the GPU index used to run pruning if the machine has multiple GPUs installed. Note that pruning can only run on a single GPU.

  • --log_file: Path to the log file. Defaults to stdout.

  • -h, --help: Show this help message and exit.

After pruning, the model needs to be retrained. See Re-training the Pruned Model for more details.

Using the Prune Command

Here’s an example of using the tao retinanet prune command:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet prune -m /workspace/output/weights/resnet_003.tlt \ -o /workspace/output/weights/resnet_003_pruned.tlt \ -eq union \ -pth 0.7 -k $KEY


Once the model has been pruned, there might be a slight decrease in accuracy. This happens because some previously useful weights may have been removed. In order to regain the accuracy, NVIDIA recommends that you retrain this pruned model over the same dataset. To do this, use the tao retinanet train command as documented in Training the model, with an updated spec file that points to the newly pruned model as the pretrained model file.

Users are advised to turn off the regularizer in the training_config for RetinaNet to recover the accuracy when retraining a pruned model. You may do this by setting the regularizer type to NO_REG as mentioned Training config. All the other parameters may be retained in the spec file from the previous training.

Note

RetinaNet does not support loading a pruned non-QAT model and retraining it with QAT enabled, or vice versa. For example, to get a pruned QAT model, perform the initial training with QAT enabled or enable_qat=True.

Exporting the model decouples the training process from inference and allows conversion to TensorRT engines outside the TAO environment. TensorRT engines are specific to each hardware configuration and should be generated for each unique inference environment. The exported model may be used universally across training and deployment hardware. The exported model format is referred to as .etlt. Like .tlt, the .etlt model format is also a encrypted model format with the same key of the .tlt model that it is exported from. This key is required when deploying this model.

INT8 Mode Overview

TensorRT engines can be generated in INT8 mode to improve performance, but require a calibration cache at engine creation-time. The calibration cache is generated using a calibration tensor file, if tao retinanet export is run with the --data_type flag set to int8. Pre-generating the calibration information and caching it removes the need for calibrating the model on the inference machine. Moving the calibration cache is usually much more convenient than moving the calibration tensorfile, since it is a much smaller file and can be moved with the exported model. Using the calibration cache also speeds up engine creation as building the cache can take several minutes to generate depending on the size of the Tensorfile and the model itself.

The export tool can generate INT8 calibration cache by ingesting training data using either of these options:

  • Option 1: Using the training data loader to load the training images for INT8 calibration. This option is now the recommended approach to support multiple image directories by leveraging the training dataset loader. This also ensures two important aspects of data during calibration:

    • Data pre-processing in the INT8 calibration step is the same as in the training process.

    • The data batches are sampled randomly across the entire training dataset, thereby improving the accuracy of the INT8 model.

  • Option 2: Pointing the tool to a directory of images that you want to use to calibrate the model. For this option, make sure to create a sub-sampled directory of random images that best represent your training dataset.

FP16/FP32 Model

The calibration.bin is only required if you need to run inference at INT8 precision. For FP16/FP32 based inference, the export step is much simpler. All that is required is to provide a .tlt model from the training/retraining step to be converted into an .etlt.

Exporting the RetinaNet Model

Here’s an example of the command line arguments of the tao retinanet export command:

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet export [-h] -m <path to the .tlt model file> --experiment_spec <path to experiment spec file> -k <key> [-o <path to output file>] [--cal_data_file <path to tensor file>] [--cal_image_dir <path to the directory images to calibrate the model] [--cal_cache_file <path to output calibration file>] [--data_type <Data type for the TensorRT backend during export>] [--batches <Number of batches to calibrate over>] [--max_batch_size <maximum trt batch size>] [--max_workspace_size <maximum workspace size] [--batch_size <batch size to TensorRT engine>] [--engine_file <path to the TensorRT engine file>] [--gen_ds_config] [--strict_type_constraints] [--force_ptq] [--gpu_index <gpu_index>] [--log_file <log_file_path>] [--verbose]

Required Arguments

  • -m, --model: Path to the .tlt model file to be exported.

  • -k, --key: Key used to save the .tlt model file.

  • -e, --experiment_spec: Path to the spec file.

Optional Arguments

  • -o, --output_file: Path to save the exported model to. The default is ./<input_file>.etlt.

  • --gen_ds_config: A Boolean flag indicating whether to generate the template DeepStream related configuration (“nvinfer_config.txt”) as well as a label file (“labels.txt”) in the same directory as the output_file. Note that the config file is NOT a complete configuration file and requires the user to update the sample config files in DeepStream with the parameters generated.

  • --gpu_index: The index of (discrete) GPUs used for exporting the model. We can specify the GPU index to run export if the machine has multiple GPUs installed. Note that export can only run on a single GPU.

  • --log_file: Path to the log file. Defaults to stdout.

  • -h, --help: Show this help message and exit.

QAT Export Mode Required Arguments

  • --cal_json_file: The path to the json file containing tensor scale for QAT models. This argument is required if engine for QAT model is being generated.

Note

When exporting a model trained with QAT enabled, the tensor scale factors to calibrate the activations are peeled out of the model and serialized to a JSON file defined by the cal_json_file argument.


Sample usage

Here’s a sample command to export a RetinaNet model.

Copy
Copied!
            

tao retinanet export -m /ws/retinanet_resnet18_epoch_100.tlt \ -o /ws/retinanet_resnet18_epoch_100_int8.etlt \ -e /ws/retinanet_retrain_resnet18_kitti.txt \ -k $KEY


For TensorRT engine generation, validation, and int8 calibration, please refer to the TAO Deploy documentation.

Refer to the Integrating a RetinaNet Model page for more information about deploying a RetinaNet model to DeepStream.

© Copyright 2022, NVIDIA.. Last updated on Mar 23, 2023.