VBD Solver | Isaac Lab

Vertex Block Descent (VBD) is a Newton solver for cloth and soft-body simulation. In Isaac Lab, VBD is enabled by selecting a ~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonCfg whose solver_cfg is a ~isaaclab_newton.physics.VBDSolverCfg.

A task that works with PhysX or with Newton’s MuJoCo-Warp solver may still need deformable assets, materials, contacts, and coupling tuned before it works well with VBD.

VBD is usually exposed through a task-specific physics preset rather than a general newton_vbd preset. Deformable-only scenes can use ~isaaclab_newton.physics.VBDSolverCfg directly. For robot or rigid-body scenes, the named-entry coupling options are:

~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerProxyCfg for the proxy coupling used by the core Franka tasks.
~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerAdmmCfg for linearized ADMM coupling between named solver entries.

Start from a Supported Deformable Task

The Isaac-Lift-Soft-Franka task requires automatic tetrahedralization. The uv commands below select the tetrahedralization extra when needed.

With the legacy installer:

./isaaclab.sh -i tetrahedralization

Before adding VBD to a new task, first run one of the Franka deformable tasks:

uv (Recommended)

isaaclab.sh / isaaclab.bat

uv run --extra tetrahedralization python scripts/environments/zero_agent.py --task Isaac-Lift-Soft-Franka --num_envs 1 --visualizer kit

For the surface-deformable cloth variant, use:

uv (Recommended)

isaaclab.sh / isaaclab.bat

uv run python scripts/environments/zero_agent.py --task Isaac-Lift-Cloth-Franka --num_envs 1 --visualizer kit

Both tasks configure MJWarp for the rigid Franka and VBD for the deformable object through ~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerProxyCfg. Use these tasks as starting points for asset setup, solver coupling, and contact tuning.

Add a VBD Physics Preset

Tasks that support multiple physics options usually store SimulationCfg.physics as a ~isaaclab_tasks.utils.hydra.PresetCfg. For deformable Newton tasks, the preset is a plain ~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonCfg. Standalone VBD and soft-contact configuration live in isaaclab_newton.physics, while proxy and ADMM coupling live in isaaclab_contrib.coupling.

The Franka soft-body and cloth tasks define task-specific proxy presets.

The important pieces are:

Add a Newton physics preset whose value is a ~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonCfg.
Use ~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerProxyCfg with named ~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerEntryCfg entries to partition the rigid bodies and deformable particles between MJWarp and VBD.
Add ~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerProxyMappingCfg entries for the collidable rigid bodies exposed to VBD. Leave integrate_with_external_rigid_solver=False for proxy-coupled VBD entries.
Set the outer isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonCfg.soft_contact_cfg to a ~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonSoftContactCfg when body-particle or self-contact values need task-level tuning.
Keep the preset at the same config path used by the task’s ~isaaclab.sim.SimulationCfg, for example env.sim.physics.

You can select the deformable Newton preset globally:

uv (Recommended)

isaaclab.sh / isaaclab.bat

uv run --extra tetrahedralization isaaclab train --rl_library rsl_rl --task=Isaac-Lift-Soft-Franka physics=newton_mjwarp_vbd_proxy

or select the physics field directly:

uv (Recommended)

isaaclab.sh / isaaclab.bat

uv run --extra tetrahedralization isaaclab train --rl_library rsl_rl --task=Isaac-Lift-Soft-Franka env.sim.physics=newton_mjwarp_vbd_proxy

Use the direct path override when only one task field should use the VBD preset. Use physics=newton_mjwarp_vbd_proxy when you want every matching preset field in the task config to resolve to that preset. Isaac Lab training commands accept these Hydra overrides after the regular command line flags; no separator is needed for the examples above.

Check Task and Asset Compatibility

VBD uses the Newton model built from the task assets. When adding VBD to a new task, validate the following before tuning solver parameters:

The task must already be compatible with the Newton backend. If a rigid-only newton_mjwarp preset fails during model construction, fix the asset or task configuration first.
The scene must include Newton-compatible deformable assets and materials. Use ~isaaclab_newton.sim.spawners.materials.NewtonDeformableBodyMaterialCfg for volume deformables and ~isaaclab_newton.sim.spawners.materials.NewtonSurfaceDeformableBodyMaterialCfg for cloth or surface deformables.
Proxy-coupled robot tasks should expose only the collidable bodies needed for deformable contact.
Contact-heavy scenes usually need task-specific num_substeps, ~isaaclab_newton.physics.VBDSolverCfg, and ~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonSoftContactCfg values. Start from the Franka soft-body or cloth preset that most closely resembles the scene.
Use a small visual smoke test before training. Confirm that the deformable spawns, renders, deforms, and contacts rigid bodies as expected.

VBD Solver Parameters

The following fields are specific to ~isaaclab_newton.physics.VBDSolverCfg. They are grouped by the part of the solver they affect.

Core Solve

Parameter	Description
`iterations`	Default: `10`. Number of VBD iterations per substep. Increasing this value improves deformation and contact convergence, especially for stiff materials or rigid gripper contacts, but increases runtime.
`rigid_compliant_alm`	Default: `None`. Preserves Newton’s rigid solver mode. In Newton 1.6, `None` selects deprecated legacy AVBD. Set to `True` to use compliant ALM for rigid joints and body-body contacts, or `False` to explicitly retain legacy AVBD.
`rigid_body_contact_buffer_size`	Default: `64`. Per-body capacity for body-body contacts when VBD integrates rigid bodies. Increase it if Newton reports a per-body body-body contact buffer overflow.
`rigid_body_particle_contact_buffer_size`	Default: `256`. Per-body capacity for particle, edge, and face soft contacts. Increase it if Newton reports a per-body contact buffer overflow.
`integrate_with_external_rigid_solver`	Default: `False`. Set to `True` only when a manual manager integrates rigid bodies in the shared model. Proxy-coupled entries use partitioned model views and leave this `False`.

Rigid Cables

For new rigid-cable configurations, explicitly enable compliant ALM:

from isaaclab_newton.physics import VBDSolverCfg
cable_solver_cfg = VBDSolverCfg(
    rigid_compliant_alm=True,
    rigid_body_contact_buffer_size=256,
)

Compliant ALM uses finite material stiffness for rigid joints and body-body contacts. Validate the cable’s stretch, bend, and contact stiffness under the intended loads and timestep when switching from legacy AVBD. Increasing contact capacity only increases the available storage; it does not change stiffness.

VBDSolverCfg leaves Newton’s C0 stabilization parameter rigid_avbd_alpha unset. Newton 1.6 defaults it to 0.0 for compliant ALM and 0.95 for legacy AVBD, for both rigid joints and body-body contacts. Setting alpha to zero alone does not enable ALM.

Self-Contact

Parameter	Description
`particle_enable_self_contact`	Default: `False`. Enables deformable self-contact. Use this for cloth folds or soft bodies that collide with themselves. It increases contact work and usually needs additional tuning.
`particle_self_contact_radius`	Default: `0.005` [m]. Effective self-contact thickness. VBD applies vertex-triangle and edge-edge self-contact response when the current primitive distance is smaller than this radius.
`particle_self_contact_margin`	Default: `0.005` [m]. Self-contact candidate search distance. VBD uses this envelope when building self-contact lists, then applies contact response using `particle_self_contact_radius`. Keep this greater than or equal to the radius to avoid missed contacts.
`particle_collision_detection_interval`	Default: `-1`. Controls how often self-contact detection runs. A negative value detects before initialization only. `0` detects before and immediately after initialization. A positive value `k` detects before every `k` VBD iterations.
`particle_vertex_contact_buffer_size`	Default: `32`. Preallocation size for each vertex’s vertex-triangle self-contact buffer. Increase it if dense folds or high-resolution cloth exceed the default capacity.
`particle_edge_contact_buffer_size`	Default: `64`. Preallocation size for each edge’s edge-edge self-contact buffer. Increase it if dense folds or high-resolution cloth exceed the default capacity.
`particle_topological_contact_filter_threshold`	Default: `2`. Filters contacts between mesh primitives that are close in topology. Increase this to suppress contact between neighboring elements of the same surface. Values greater than `3` can significantly increase compute time.
`particle_rest_shape_contact_exclusion_radius`	Default: `0.0` [m]. Filters self-contact candidates whose rest-configuration distance is shorter than this distance. Increase it when rest-neighbor contacts produce unwanted resistance.

Custom MJWarp + VBD Parameters

The opt-in ~isaaclab_contrib.custom_coupling.newton_manager_cfg.CoupledMJWarpVBDSolverCfg runs MJWarp and VBD over one shared model. Import isaaclab_contrib.custom_coupling.tasks explicitly to register IsaacContrib-Lift-Soft-Franka-Custom-Coupling, which selects the newton_mjwarp_vbd preset.

Parameter	Description
`rigid_solver_cfg`	MJWarp configuration for rigid bodies.
`soft_solver_cfg`	VBD configuration. Set `integrate_with_external_rigid_solver=True` so VBD advances only particles.
`coupling_mode="one_way"`	Advance rigid bodies first, then particles without rigid reaction forces.
`coupling_mode="two_way"`	Inject particle reactions before MJWarp, then advance VBD with the same contacts.

MJWarp nconmax and njmax must cover the rigid contacts and constraints in the scene. ccd_iterations can affect fast rigid contacts near deformables. See /source/how-to/solver_tuning_mjwarp for the rigid-solver parameters.

Use the custom manager for direct shared-model substep ordering. Use proxy coupling when deformable contact is localized to selected rigid bodies.

Start from coupling_mode="two_way". With two-way coupling the body-particle reaction acts on the arm as well as the deformable, so the gripper is less likely to clip through the object than under one-way coupling. If it still clips, lower the arm actuator stiffness so the arm can yield to those reactions, and command the gripper to close fully, letting the actuator’s maximum effort limit the squeeze.

Coupled MJWarp + VBD

~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerProxyCfg is the coupling used by the core Franka tasks. It partitions the model between named solver entries and exposes selected source bodies to the destination solver as proxies. Contact feedback returns to the source solver as lagged impulses. This keeps deformable contact work localized to the rigid bodies that need it, such as a gripper hand and fingers. The pinned proxy solver supports at most two entries and rejects joints that cross entry boundaries.

See Coupled Solvers for a high-level comparison of proxy and ADMM coupling before choosing an approach.

The core Franka soft-body task demonstrates the proxy configuration:

newton_mjwarp_vbd_proxy: NewtonCfg = NewtonCfg(
    solver_cfg=CouplerProxyCfg(
        entries=[
            CouplerEntryCfg(
                name="rigid",
                solver_cfg=MJWarpSolverCfg(
                    cone="elliptic",
                    ls_iterations=50,
                    integrator="implicitfast",
                ),
                bodies=[r"/World/envs/env_[^/]+/Robot"],
            ),
            CouplerEntryCfg(
                name="soft",
                solver_cfg=VBDSolverCfg(iterations=10, rigid_body_particle_contact_buffer_size=256),
                all_particles=True,
                include_static_shapes=True,
            ),
        ],
        proxies=[
            CouplerProxyMappingCfg(
                source="rigid",
                destination="soft",
                bodies=[
                    r"/World/envs/env_[^/]+/Robot/Geometry/.*panda_hand",
                    r"/World/envs/env_[^/]+/Robot/Geometry/.*panda_(left|right)finger",
                ],
                collide_interval=1,
                collision_pipeline=NewtonCollisionPipelineCfg(
                    enable_rigid_soft_full_surface_contact=True,
                ),
            )
        ],
        iterations=1,
    ),
    soft_contact_cfg=NewtonSoftContactCfg(
        soft_contact_ke=8.0e3,
        soft_contact_kd=1.0e-2,
        soft_contact_mu=10.0,
    ),
    num_substeps=2,
)

What the selectors do:

entries contains one ~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerEntryCfg per sub-solver. Each entry has a stable name, its own solver_cfg, and explicit model ownership selectors.
An entry’s bodies selectors are full Newton body-label regex strings. By default, joints inherit their child body’s owner and shapes inherit their body’s owner. Use all_particles=True to own all deformable particles and include_static_shapes=True to own world geometry. Bodies, particles, joints, and shapes may be assigned to at most one entry; unassigned elements remain outside the nested solver views.
proxies contains directed ~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerProxyMappingCfg mappings. Each mapping names its source and destination entries, then uses bodies to select the source bodies that the destination solver should collide against. Only bodies that own at least one newton.ShapeFlags.COLLIDE_SHAPES shape are kept.
In the snippet above, the entire Franka articulation is routed to MJWarp, while the deformable particles and static table/world shapes are routed to VBD. Only the panda_hand and the two fingers are exposed as proxies, so VBD sees three rigid proxies regardless of the number of arm links.

Full-surface rigid-soft contact includes edge and triangle-interior contacts. Analytic proxy shapes support it directly, while mesh and convex proxy shapes require a volume SDF.

The coupler currently rejects ~isaaclab_newton.physics.KaminoPADMMSolverCfg or ~isaaclab_newton.physics.KaminoDVISolverCfg entries and ~isaaclab_newton.physics.MPMSolverCfg entries configured with project_outside_colliders=True, as well as ~isaaclab_newton.physics.MJWarpSolverCfg entries configured with use_mujoco_cpu=True. These configurations require manager-specific build, forward-kinematics, reset, or per-step lifecycle hooks that are not yet available to nested solvers. Use MPM with project_outside_colliders=False and GPU MJWarp, or run these solvers through their standalone managers until nested lifecycle support is added.

Key proxy-specific parameters:

Parameter	Description
`CouplerProxyMappingCfg.mode`	Default: `"lagged"`. `"lagged"` syncs source begin poses and end velocities, then rewinds lagged feedback before the destination solve. `"staggered"` syncs source end poses and end velocities directly. Lagged is the safer default; staggered can be tighter but is more sensitive to timestep.
`CouplerProxyCfg.iterations`	Default: `1`. Number of relaxation iterations per coupled substep. Increase it when proxy contact feedback needs more accuracy.
`CouplerProxyMappingCfg.collide_interval`	Default: `None` (every proxy pass). How often the proxy collision pipeline rebuilds candidate pairs. Increase it for cheaper but slightly staler proxy contacts.
`CouplerProxyMappingCfg.mass_scale`	Default: `1.0`. Multiplier for the virtual inertia of proxy bodies in the VBD view. Increase it to make proxies behave more like fixed obstacles to VBD.

Body selectors must use full Newton body-label regexes, such as /World/envs/env_.*/Robot. Proxy mappings also accept raw Newton body ids.

~isaaclab_contrib.coupling.CouplerAdmmCfg provides linearized ADMM coupling between the same named solver entries. Set contact_pairs to select entry pairs explicitly, or leave it as None to detect every distinct pair. Use iterations and rho to tune the ADMM solve.

Try the demo:

uv (Recommended)

isaaclab.sh / isaaclab.bat

# zero-agent visual smoke test
uv run --extra tetrahedralization python scripts/environments/zero_agent.py --task Isaac-Lift-Soft-Franka --num_envs 1 --visualizer kit
# scripted pick-and-lift via state machine
uv run --extra tetrahedralization python scripts/environments/state_machine/lift_franka_soft.py --num_envs 1

Contact and Material Parameters

Contact Model

~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonSoftContactCfg applies contact parameters to the finalized Newton model through isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonCfg.soft_contact_cfg:

Parameter	Description
`soft_contact_ke`	Default: `1.0e3` [N/m]. Stiffness for body-particle and particle self-contact. Increase it to reduce clipping through rigid shapes or through other deformable particles. If it is too high, the object can stop visibly deforming or require more VBD iterations and substeps.
`soft_contact_kd`	Default: `1.0e1` [N*s/m]. Contact damping. Increase it to reduce chatter or bouncing. Too much damping can make contact response sticky or overdamped.
`soft_contact_mu`	Default: `0.5`. Friction coefficient for body-particle and particle self-contact. Increase it when a gripper cannot carry the deformable object without slipping.

To set rigid collision-shape contact properties (ke, kd, mu) for shapes that lack an explicit per-asset material, use ~isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonShapeCfg on NewtonCfg.default_shape_cfg instead. Per-asset materials override these defaults.

Volume Deformable Materials

Use ~isaaclab_newton.sim.spawners.materials.NewtonDeformableBodyMaterialCfg for volume deformables:

Parameter	Description
`density`	Default: `1.0` [kg/m^3]. Material density. Higher density increases particle mass and inertia, so the object accelerates and deforms less for the same contact forces.
`particle_radius`	Default: `0.008` [m]. Particle contact radius used by Newton. Increase it when contacts are missed or detected too late. If it is too large relative to the mesh resolution, contacts can start too early.
`k_mu`	Default: `1.0e5` [Pa]. First Lame material parameter. Higher values make the deformable object stiffer and usually require more VBD iterations, more substeps, or a smaller timestep.
`k_lambda`	Default: `1.0e5` [Pa]. Second Lame material parameter. Higher values make the deformable object stiffer and usually require more VBD iterations, more substeps, or a smaller timestep.
`k_damp`	Default: `0.0` [Pa*s]. Damping for tetrahedral elements. Increase it to reduce oscillations after deformation, but avoid overdamping if the object should rebound.

Try the interactive material demo to vary shear and volume stiffness independently, with fixed reference cubes.

Surface Deformable Materials

Use ~isaaclab_newton.sim.spawners.materials.NewtonSurfaceDeformableBodyMaterialCfg for cloth or surface deformables:

Parameter	Description
`density`	Default: `1.0` [kg/m^3]. Material density. Higher density increases particle mass and inertia.
`particle_radius`	Default: `0.008` [m]. Particle contact radius used by Newton.
`tri_ke`	Default: `1.0e4` [Pa]. Triangle area-preserving stiffness. Increase it to reduce cloth stretch.
`tri_ka`	Default: `1.0e4` [Pa]. Triangle area stiffness. Increase it to reduce cloth area change.
`tri_kd`	Default: `1.5e-6` [Pa*s]. Triangle area damping. Increase it to reduce cloth vibration after stretching.
`edge_ke`	Default: `5.0` [N*m]. Bending stiffness. Increase it for stiffer cloth folds; decrease it for softer draping.
`edge_kd`	Default: `1.0e-2` [Nms]. Bending damping. Increase it to damp fold oscillations.

Try the interactive cloth demo to compare bending stiffness while three sheets drape over horizontal rollers.

Tuning Workflow

Use the following sequence when bringing up a new VBD task:

Run one of the supported Franka deformable tasks and confirm your installation, visualizer, and deformable rendering path work.
Add a task-specific VBD or proxy-coupled VBD preset copied from the closest supported task.
Run a small visual smoke test with --num_envs 1 before training.
Tune deformable material stiffness and damping until the object deforms in the expected range without rigid contact.
Increase num_substeps or decrease dt if the object is unstable before increasing stiffness further.
Increase isaaclab_newton.physics.VBDSolverCfg.iterations when contacts or stiff materials do not converge within a substep.
Tune isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonSoftContactCfg.soft_contact_ke to reduce rigid/deformable clipping, then tune isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonSoftContactCfg.soft_contact_mu for grip and isaaclab_newton.physics.NewtonSoftContactCfg.soft_contact_kd for chatter.
Enable self-contact only after body-particle contact is stable, then tune particle_self_contact_radius for active self-contact thickness, particle_self_contact_margin for missed contacts, and particle_collision_detection_interval for detection frequency.
Increase num_envs and profile only after the single-environment scene is stable.

Symptoms and First Parameters to Check

Symptom	First parameters to check
Rigid bodies visibly clip through the deformable.	Increase `soft_contact_ke`, VBD `iterations`, `num_substeps`, or the deformable material `particle_radius`.
The robot cannot lift the deformable.	Check that the gripper bodies are included in the proxy, then increase `soft_contact_mu` and rigid-side shape friction (per-asset material `mu` or `NewtonShapeCfg.mu`). Also check gripper actuator stiffness and effort limits.
The deformable barely deforms.	Reduce material stiffness, `soft_contact_ke`, or shape contact stiffness.
Contact chatters or bounces.	Increase `soft_contact_kd` or material damping, and consider using more substeps.
Cloth passes through itself.	Enable `particle_enable_self_contact`, increase `particle_self_contact_radius` if the active self-contact thickness is too small, increase `particle_self_contact_margin` if contacts are missed, and use a positive `particle_collision_detection_interval`.
Self-contact is too expensive.	Increase `particle_collision_detection_interval`, reduce mesh resolution, or disable self-contact until the rest of the scene is tuned.

For implementation details of the VBD managers and Newton coupler, see Extending Newton Solvers.