TensorFlow Release 19.07
The NVIDIA container image of TensorFlow, release 19.07, is available on NGC.
Contents of the TensorFlow container
This container image contains the complete source of the version of NVIDIA TensorFlow in /opt/tensorflow
. It is pre-built and installed as a system Python module.
To achieve optimum TensorFlow performance, for image based training, the container includes a sample script that demonstrates efficient training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The sample script may need to be modified to fit your application. The container also includes the following:
- Ubuntu 18.04
Note:
Container image
19.07-py2
contains Python 2.7;19.07-py3
contains Python 3.6. - NVIDIA CUDA 10.1.168 including cuBLAS 10.2.0.168
- NVIDIA cuDNN 7.6.1
- NVIDIA NCCL 2.4.7 (optimized for NVLink™ )
- Horovod 0.16.2
- OpenMPI 3.1.3
- TensorBoard 1.14.0+nv
- MLNX_OFED +3.4
- OpenSeq2Seq at commit 27346d1
- TensorRT 5.1.5
- DALI 0.11.0 Beta
- DLProf 19.07
- Nsight Compute 10.1.168
- Nsight Systems 2019.3.6.30
- Tensor Core optimized example:
- Jupyter and JupyterLab:
Driver Requirements
Release 19.07 is based on NVIDIA CUDA 10.1.168, which requires NVIDIA Driver release 418.67. However, if you are running on Tesla (Tesla V100, Tesla P4, Tesla P40, or Tesla P100), you may use NVIDIA driver release 384.111+ or 410. The CUDA driver's compatibility package only supports particular drivers. For a complete list of supported drivers, see the CUDA Application Compatibility topic. For more information, see CUDA Compatibility and Upgrades.
GPU Requirements
Release 19.07 supports CUDA compute capability 6.0 and higher. This corresponds to GPUs in the Pascal, Volta, and Turing families. Specifically, for a list of GPUs that this compute capability corresponds to, see CUDA GPUs. For additional support details, see Deep Learning Frameworks Support Matrix.
Key Features and Enhancements
This TensorFlow release includes the following key features and enhancements.
- TensorFlow container image version 19.07 is based on TensorFlow 1.14.0.
- Automatic Mixed Precision updated with latest upstream changes (see below)
- Latest version of Nsight Systems 2019.3.6.30
- Latest version of Python 3.6
- Latest version TensorBoard 1.14.0 with additional updates from NVIDIA
- Latest version of NVIDIA cuDNN 7.6.1
- Latest versions of Jupyter Client 5.3.1, Jupyter Core 4.5.0, JupyterLab 1.0.1 and JupyterLab Server 1.0.0, including Jupyter-TensorBoard integration.
- Latest version of DLProf 19.07
- Latest version of DALI 0.11.0 Beta
- Latest version of Ubuntu 18.04
Accelerating Inference In TensorFlow With TensorRT (TF-TRT)
For step-by-step instructions on how to use TF-TRT, see Accelerating Inference In TensorFlow With TensorRT User Guide.
- Key Features And Enhancements
-
-
Migrated TensorRT conversion sources from the
contrib
directory to thecompiler
directory in preparation for TensorFlow 2.0. The Python code can be found at//tensorflow/python/compiler/tensorrt
. -
Added a user friendly
TrtGraphConverter
API for TensorRT conversion. -
Expanded support for TensorFlow operators in TensorRT conversion (for example,
Gather
,Slice
,Pack
,Unpack
,ArgMin
,ArgMax
,DepthSpaceShuffle
). Refer to the TF-TRT User Guide for a complete list of supported operators. -
Support added for TensorFlow operator
CombinedNonMaxSuppression
in TensorRT conversion which significantly accelerates SSD object detection models. -
Integrated TensorRT 5.1.5 into TensorFlow. See the TensorRT 5.1.5 Release Notes for a full list of new features.
-
- Deprecated Features
-
-
The old API of TF-TRT is deprecated. It still works in TensorFlow 1.14, however, it may be removed in TensorFlow 2.0. The old API is a Python function named
create_inference_graph
which is not replaced by the Python classTrtGraphConverter
with a number of methods. Refer to TF-TRT User Guide for more information about the API and how to use it
-
- Known Issues
-
-
Precision mode in the TF-TRT API is a string with one of the following values:
FP32
,FP16
orINT8
. In TensorFlow 1.13, these strings were supported in lowercase, however, in TensorFlow 1.14 only uppercase is supported. -
INT8 calibration (see the TF-TRT User Guide for more information about how to use INT8) is a very slow process that can take 1 hour depending on the model. We are working on optimizing this algorithm in TensorRT.
-
The pip package of TensorFlow 1.14 released by Google is missing TensorRT. This will be fixed in the next release of TensorFlow by Google. In the meantime, you can use the NVIDIA container for TensorFlow.
-
Announcements
We will stop support for Python 2.7 in a future TensorFlow container release. Once support has ended, the TensorFlow container will contain only one version of Python.
Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP)
Automatic mixed precision converts certain float32 operations to operate in float16 which can run much faster on Tensor Cores. Automatic mixed precision is built on two components:
- a loss scaling optimizer
- graph rewriter
For models already using a tf.train.Optimizer or tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer
for both compute_gradients()
and apply_gradients()
operations, automatic mixed precision can be enabled by wrapping the optimizer with tf.train.experimental.enable_mixed_precision_graph_rewrite()
. For backward compatibility with AMP in previous containers, AMP can also be enabled by defining the following environment variable before calling the usual float32 training script:
export TF_ENABLE_AUTO_MIXED_PRECISION=1
Models implementing their own optimizers can use the graph rewriter on its own (while implementing loss scaling manually) with the following environment variable:
export TF_ENABLE_AUTO_MIXED_PRECISION_GRAPH_REWRITE=1
For more information about how to access and enable Automatic mixed precision for TensorFlow, see Automatic Mixed Precision Training In TensorFlow from the TensorFlow User Guide, along with Training With Mixed Precision.
Tensor Core Examples
These examples focus on achieving the best performance and convergence from NVIDIA Volta Tensor Cores by using the latest deep learning example networks for training. Each example model trains with mixed precision Tensor Cores on Volta, therefore you can get results much faster than training without tensor cores. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time. This container includes the following tensor core examples.
- U-Net Medical model. The U-Net model is a convolutional neural network for 2D image segmentation. This repository contains a U-Net implementation as described in the paper U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation, without any alteration.
- SSD320 v1.2 model. The SSD320 v1.2 model is based on the SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector paper, which describes an SSD as “a method for detecting objects in images using a single deep neural network”. Our implementation is based on the existing model from the TensorFlow models repository.
- Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF) model. The NCF model is a neural network that provides collaborative filtering based on implicit feedback, specifically, it provides product recommendations based on user and item interactions. The training data for this model should contain a sequence of user ID, item ID pairs indicating that the specified user has interacted with, for example, was given a rating to or clicked on, the specified item.
- BERT model. BERT, or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, is a new method of pre-training language representations which obtains state-of-the-art results on a wide array of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. This model is based on BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding paper. NVIDIA's BERT is an optimized version of Google's official implementation, leveraging mixed precision arithmetic and Tensor Cores on V100 GPUS for faster training times while maintaining target accuracy.
- U-Net Industrial Defect Segmentation model. This U-Net model is adapted from the original version of the U-Net model which is a convolutional auto-encoder for 2D image segmentation. U-Net was first introduced by Olaf Ronneberger, Philip Fischer, and Thomas Brox in the paper: U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. This work proposes a modified version of U-Net, called TinyUNet which performs efficiently and with very high accuracy on the industrial anomaly dataset DAGM2007.
- GNMT v2 model. The GNMT v2 model is similar to the one discussed in the Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation paper. The most important difference between the two models is in the attention mechanism. In our model, the output from the first LSTM layer of the decoder goes into the attention module, then the re-weighted context is concatenated with inputs to all subsequent LSTM layers in the decoder at the current timestep.
- ResNet-50 v1.5 model. The ResNet-50 v1.5 model is a modified version of the original ResNet-50 v1 model. The difference between v1 and v1.5 is in the bottleneck blocks which requires downsampling, for example, v1 has stride = 2 in the first 1x1 convolution, whereas v1.5 has stride = 2 in the 3x3 convolution. The following features were implemented in this model; data-parallel multi-GPU training with Horovod, tensor cores (mixed precision) training, and static loss scaling for Tensor Cores (mixed precision) training.
Known Issues
- There is a known performance regression in TensorFlow 1.14.0 affecting a variety of models. Affected models include GNMT, SSD, and UNet. Performance regressions can be as high as 20% compared to TensorFlow 1.13.1 in the 19.06 release.
- There is an issue in TensorFlow 1.14 that increases the GPU memory footprint of certain models such as BERT. As a result, training may need to be performed with a reduced batch size.
- TensorBoard has a bug in its IPv6 support which can result in the following error:
Tensorboard could not bind to unsupported address family ::.
--host <IP>
flag when starting TensorBoard. - In previous containers,
libtensorflow_framework.so
was available in the/usr/local/lib/tensorflow
directory. This was redundant with the libs installed with the TensorFlow pip package. To find the TensorFlowlib
directory, usetf.sysconfig.get_lib()
. - Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) does not support the Keras
LearningRateScheduler
in the 19.07 release. A fix will be included in the 19.08 release. - A known issue in TensorFlow results in the error
Cannot take the length of Shape with unknown rank
when training variable sized images with the Kerasmodel.fit
API. Details are provided here and a fix will be available in a future release. - Support for CUDNN float32 Tensor Op Math mode first introduced in the 18.09 release is now deprecated in favor of Automatic Mixed Precision. It is scheduled to be removed after the 19.11 release.
- Using
TF_ENABLE_NHWC=1
might cause memory leak (OOM) ifFusedBatchNormV3
is explicitly used. By default,tf.nn.fused_batch_norm()
usesFusedBatchNorm
andFusedBatchNormV2
. TheFusedBatchNormV3
is set to be available after November 11th, 2019. A fix will be included in the 19.08 release.